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Bio 103
Final Exam Study Guide
The bulk of the final exam will be from chapters 15, 19, and 20; however, other questions from
previous chapters may be on test. Use this sheet to refresh your memory of the important
concepts from older chapters.
Current Chapters
Chapter 15
What is a common ancestor?
Have a summary of Darwin’s book On the Origins of Species.
Who were these men and what were the known for: E. Darwin, Lamark & Cuvier, Wallace?
What is catastrophism?
What is inheritance of acquired characteristics and give example?
Know that survival of those individuals best adapted to environment is the principle behind
natural selection.
Know how natural selection works to allow a population of organisms to become adapted to an
environment; give an example.
What is the fossil record?
Describe and give multiple examples of transition organisms.
What are homologous structures, and give examples?
Name some vestigial structures found in an animal and human.
How do plate tectonics play a role in species distribution?
How is evolution of a species influenced?
Know what evolution is and is not.
Understand the idea that organisms which are closely related share many traits.
What is a mutation?
Understand how natural selection happens to change the frequency of a gene within a population
(e.g. the cheetah).
Know the difference in a theory and hypothesis.
Be able to cite a few examples of natural selection working over the course of a few decades.
How has biochemical and molecular biology evidence supported evolution?
Chapter 19
What is taxonomy?
Know proper way to write a binomial.
What is convergent evolution?
List the 5 kingdoms proposed by Whittaker and know what is grouped within.
What is the role of systematics?
Know the obligate taxa from domain down to species; understand that the domain is an inclusive
group whereas the species is exclusive and contains only one type.
Who is considered the first Greek taxonomist/biologist?
Who wrote the Systema Naturae?
Who is the father of modern taxonomy?
Know the difference in analogous and homologous structures.
Understand the idea that a common ancestor gives rise to at least two descendents and that the
more time has passed since the separation the greater the genetic difference between the two
groups.
If given a diagram of a phylogentic tree (cladogram) be able to identify the position of the
common ancestor and the descendants. Know where the divergence is located and be able to cite
some derived and ancestral characteristics.
Be able to look at a cladogram and determine which clades organisms belong in to show closest
relationship.
What is the outgroup and ingroup of a cladogram?
What are the synapomorphies?
In tracing phylogeny of a new organism, know how the following would be used: fossil record,
morphological data, molecular data.
Know the domains proposed by Woese and have a description of the organisms listed in each
one.
List Woese’s three domains and state what type cell belongs in the group.
Chapter 20
What is a virus and is it alive?
Know the viral structure.
Are viruses parasitic? If not, how would they be described?
What is a vaccine?
Know the difference in lysogenic and lytic cycle.
What are some characteristics of viruses? How do these compare to characteristics of life?
Know the characteristics of bacteria.
What is binary fission, transformation, and conjugation?
Differentiate between anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.
What is chemoautotrophic bacteria's role in the food chain around the black smokers?
What are saprotrophic bacteria?
What are photoautrophic bacteria?
Know the various morphologies of bacteria.
What makes archaea more related to eukaryotes than prokaryotes?
List the various types of archaea and describe their environment.
Material from Previous Chapters
Know difference in diploid and haploid.
What is a karyotype?
Know definition of nondisjunction.
Know difference between autosomal recessive and dominant inheritance.
What is incomplete dominance?
Know the cause of Tay Sachs disease.
What is the main problem associated w/ sickle cell disease?
What is a sex limited trait? Have an example.
Give the definition of a sex influenced trait.
How are sex chromosomes different from autosomes?
Which chromosomes determine the gender of an individual?
What causes Down Syndrome?
Know some examples of sex chromosome abnormalities.
What is codominance?
Marfan’s Syndrome is an example of what?
Give the complementary pairing sequence for DNA.
What are the 3 basic types of chemical bonds? Have examples of each.
Know the role of the following organelles: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, mitochondria,
ribosome, and nucleus.
Which organic molecule is the primary energy source for human cells? If this molecule isn’t
available, which molecule is used instead?
What is chemiosmosis as seen in cell respiration or photosynthesis?
Know that light energy is converted to chemical energy during photosynthesis. What type
molecule stores this chemical energy in its bonds?
Why would a plant need accessory pigments?
What is the role of O2 in the electron transport chain?
Know the products of photosynthesis.
What is crossing over?
Give a brief description of the stages of mitosis and meiosis.
What is a homologue?
State Mendel’s laws.