Download Surface Anatomy (Part 2) - Seattle Central College

Surface Anatomy (Part 2)
By the end of the session, students should be able to:
1) Locate and identify the regions of the head and neck:
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REGIONS OF HEAD
• Frontal Region
• Parietal and Occipital Regions
• Temporal and Auricular Regions
• Orbital Region
• Nasal Region
• Infraorbital, Zygomatic, and Buccal Regions
• Oral Region
• Mental Region
REGIONS OF NECK
2) Locate and identify anatomical landmarks on a diagram and
on a patient.
3) Discuss normal anatomical variation and how it applies to
different structures of the head and neck.
Oral Exam Video: http://www.dentistry.umn.edu/dentalce/oral-cancervideo/index.htm
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Surface anatomy is the study of the structural relationships of the external
features of the body to the internal organs and parts.
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Health and Disease
http://oralcancerfoundation.org/dental/slide_show.
htm
http://www.healthsym.com/causes-and-treatmentfor-jaundice.html
http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/imagegallery/oralhealth/OralCancerE
xam.htm
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Goiter.JPG
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Surface Anatomy Overview
The regions of the
head include the
frontal, parietal,
occipital, temporal,
auricular, orbital, nasal,
infraorbital, zygomatic,
buccal, oral, and
mental regions.
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1Frontal Region
2 Parietal Region
Orbital Region 6
Infraorbital Region 7
Nasal Region 8
3 Temporal Region
4 Zygomatic Region
Oral Region 9
Buccal Region 10
5 Occipital Region
Mental Region 11
Regions of the Head
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Frontal Eminence 3
Supraorbital Ridge 4
Glabella
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1 External Acoustic Meatus, Tragus
2 Angle of the Mandible
Anatomical Landmarks
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Practice
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Forehead (Frontal)
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Frontal Region Review
Fehrenbach MJ, editor. Dental Anatomy Coloring Book. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2007
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Parietal and Occipital Regions
Both the parietal region and occipital region of the head
are covered by the scalp.
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Temporal Region
External ear most prominent,
includes:
• Auricle
• External acoustic meatus
• Helix
• Lobule
• Tragus
• Antitragus
• Intertragic notch
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Ear Structure
Otitis Externa: inflammation or
infection of the external ear or
“swimmer's ear.” Usually
bacterial in origin, with the
pathogens that include
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Staphylococcus aureus.
Patient may present with
itchiness, a sensation of having
the ear blocked, and pain.
Drake RL, et al. Gray’s Anatomy for Students, ed 2,
Churchill Livingson, 2010
Otitis Media: pulling or rubbing
the ears because of ear pain,
fever, fussiness, or irritability, fluid
leaking from the ear, changes in
appetite or sleeping patterns, and
trouble hearing. Usually bacterial
infection
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Auricular Region Review
Fehrenbach MJ, editor. Dental Anatomy Coloring Book. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2007
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Orbital Region
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Orbit
Sclera
Conjunctiva
Iris
Lateral canthus
Pupil
Medial Canthus
Eyelids
Lacrimal gland
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5 Lacrimal Gland
1 Upper eyelid
6 Pupil
2 Medial Canthus
7 Lateral Canthus
8 Sclera
3 Lower eyelid
4 Outline of Orbit
9 Iris
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Eye
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Eyelids
• When an eye becomes dry,
"blinking" – closing the eyelid and
opening it again rapidly – can
help to spread moisture across
the surface of the eye and ease
the discomfort.
• Blinking helps remove irritants in
the eye.
• Eye blink reflexes reveal nervous
system function. Eyelids close the
eyes when a threat comes too
near to protect the eye.
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•
Pupils
Pupillary reflexes reveal information
about the nervous system.
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In normal room light, a healthy pupil has a
diameter of about
3 to 4 mm.
In bright light = 1.5 mm.
In dim light, enlarged to about 8 mm.
Pupil constricts to view something
close.
Some drugs cause pupil constriction
(miosis), such as alcohol.
Some drugs cause pupil dilation
(mydriasis) e.g. psychedelics (LSD).
http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/hyperb
rain/movies/ch7/orbit_autonomic.htm
http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopicSeg&topic_i
d=69&seg_id=1320
http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/animations/hyperbr
ain/parasymp_reflex/reflex.html
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Disease: Conjunctivitis and Cataracts
A cataract disrupts the
organization of the connective
tissue that forms the lens,
changing the optical properties
the opacity of the lens.
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation
of the epithelial lining of the eye
(the conjunctiva).
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National Eye Institute, NIH
Orbital Region Review
Fehrenbach MJ, editor. Dental Anatomy Coloring Book. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2007
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Orbital Region Review
Fehrenbach MJ, editor, Dental Anatomy Coloring Book, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 2007
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Nasal Region
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The root of the nose is located
between the eyes.
Inferior to the glabella is a
midpoint landmark of the nasal
region that corresponds with
the junction between the
underlying bones, the nasion.
Inferior to the nasion is the
bony structure that forms the
bridge of the nose.
At the other end is the tip or
apex of the nose.
Inferior to the apex on each
side of the nose is a nostril or
naris (plural, nares).
The nares are separated by the
midline nasal septum.
The nares are bounded
laterally on each side by a
winglike cartilaginous structure,
the ala (plural, alae) of the
nose.
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Nasal Region Review
Fehrenbach MJ, editor. Dental Anatomy Coloring Book. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2007
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Infraorbital, Zygomatic, and Buccal Regions
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Health and Disease: Enlarged Masseter Muscle
The masseter muscle can
become enlarged with
constant use such as with
teeth grinding (bruxism)
or clenching. If you use it,
it will adapt. In this case,
grinding your teeth builds
a bigger stronger muscle.
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Infraorbital, Zygomatic, and Buccal Regions Review
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Fehrenbach MJ, editor. Dental Anatomy Coloring Book. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2007
Oral Region
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Nasolabial sulcus
Oral Fissure
Labiomental
groove
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Health and Disease
A. Angular cheilitis (also called
cheilosis or angular stomatitis) is an
inflammatory lesion at the labial
commissure and often occurs
bilaterally.
B. Loss of vermillion border as a
result of sunburn.
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Fehrenbach MJ, contributor: Inflammation and repair, immunity. In Ibsen AC, Phelan JA, editors. Oral
pathology for the dental hygienist, ed 5, St. Louis, 2009, Saunders.
Lip Anatomy Review
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Fehrenbach MJ, editor. Dental Anatomy Coloring Book. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2007
Oral Cavity
Structures:
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Maxilla
Mandible
Mucosa
Labial mucosa
Buccal mucosa
Buccal fat pad
Parotid papilla
Maxillary tuberosity
Vestibules
Alveolar mucosa
Mucobuccal fold
Labial frenum
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Oral Cavity
– facial surface =
facial
– lips = labial
– inner cheek =
buccal
– tongue = lingual,
and palate =
palatal.
Figure 2-11
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Oral Vestibule
Fordyce
Granules
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Oral Mucosa
The oral cavity is lined by a mucous
membrane called the oral mucosa. It
consists of a stratified squamous
epithelium, which may or may not be
keratinized, and an underlying connective
tissue layer, the lamina propria. The surface
is kept moist with mucus produced by the
major and numerous minor salivary glands.
The oral mucosa is well supplied with nerve
endings and, on the dorsal surface of the
tongue, special sensory endings for taste.
The submucosa underlying the lamina
propria of the oral cavity is variable. At
times the lamina propria and submucosa
are substantively so similar that they merge
imperceptibly.
Can you draw a picture of a keratinized
epithelium?
Where else in the body do you find such
an organ?
http://141.214.65.171/Histology/Digestive%20System/Pharynx%
20Esophagus%20and%20Stomach/152_HISTO_20X.svs/view.a
pml? And
http://141.214.65.171/Histology/Digestive%20System/Pharynx%
20Esophagus%20and%20Stomach/152AF_HISTO_40X.svs/view
.apml? And
lip:http://141.214.65.171/Histology/Digestive%20System/Oral%2
0Region/114triC_HISTO_40X.svs/view.apml?
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Gingiva
and gingival
mucosa
Canine Fossa
Canine Eminence
Incisive
Fossa
Gingival margin
Interdental papilla
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Gingiva
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Variations of the oral cavity
Linea alba is a white ridge of
raised callused tissue that
extends horizontally at the level
where the maxillary and
mandibular teeth come
together and occlude.
Fordyce spots (or granules) are
often on the surface of the labial
and buccal mucosa is a normal
variation. They are small, yellowish
elevations due to deeper deposits of
sebum from trapped or misplaced
sebaceous gland tissue, usually
associated with hair follicles.
Cheek biting leads to mucosal
irritation.
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Teeth and Jaws
Bath-Balogh M and Fehrenbach MJ.
Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology,
Anatomy, ed 3. Saunders, Philadelphia,
2011.
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Teeth are held in place by ligaments that allow very little
little movement.
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Oral Cavity Review
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Palate
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Palate Review
Fehrenbach MJ, editor. Dental Anatomy Coloring Book. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2007
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Oral Cavity
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Palate and Jaws Review
Fehrenbach MJ, editor. Dental Anatomy Coloring Book. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2007
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Tongue
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Tongue
• The apex is the highly
mobile, pointed anterior part
of the tongue.
• Posterior to the apex lies
the body of the tongue,
which has dorsal (superior)
and ventral (inferior)
surfaces.
• The base is the most
posterior part of the tongue
and is not very mobile; a
terminal V- shaped
sulcus, or groove
separates the body from
the base of the tongue.
http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/erg/GI049b
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.htm
Tongue: Dorsal Surface
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Tongue Papillae
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The dorsal surface of the
tongue also has many lingual
papillae.
The slender, threadlike lingual
papillae are the filiform
lingual papillae.
The red mushroom-shaped
dots are the fungiform lingual
papillae (contain taste buds).
http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/erg/GI064b.htm
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Taste Buds
http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/erg/GI064b.htm
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Tongue: Ventral Surface
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Tongue Review
Fehrenbach MJ, editor. Dental Anatomy Coloring Book. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2007
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Tongue Review
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Floor of the Mouth Review
Fehrenbach MJ, editor. Dental Anatomy Coloring Book. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2007
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Pharynx
• The oral cavity
also provides the
entrance into the
throat or pharynx.
• The pharynx
consists of three
parts:
nasopharynx,
oropharynx, and
laryngopharynx.
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Oropharynx
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Pharynx Review
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Mental Region
• The mental
protuberance is
the prominence
of the chin.
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Regions of Head Review
Fehrenbach MJ, editor. Dental Anatomy Coloring Book. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2007
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Regions of the Neck
Triangles:
• Posterior
• Carotid
• Submandibular
• Submental
• Muscular
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Regions of Neck
• Thyroid cartilage
• Trachea
• Hyoid
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Regions of Neck Review
Fehrenbach MJ, editor. Dental Anatomy Coloring Book. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2007
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Regions of Neck Review
Fehrenbach MJ, editor. Dental Anatomy Coloring Book. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2007
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Extra and Intra Oral Exam
Oral Exam Video: http://www.dentistry.umn.edu/dentalce/oral-cancer-video/index.htm
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