Download Anatomy and Physiology Learning Objectives: 1. To understand the

Anatomy and Physiology
Learning Objectives:
1. To understand the organizational scheme & standard terminology of the body.
A. Describe the basic f(x) of living organisms
B. Identify the major levels of organization in living organisms, from simplest to
most complex
C. Identify the organ systems of the human body & major components of ea
system
D. Use anatomical terms to describe the body sections, body regions, & relative
positions
E. Identify the major body cavities & their subdivisions
2. To understand the complementary of structure, f(x),& homeostatic regulation of
organ systems.
A. Define anatomy & physiology and describe the specialties of ea discipline
B. Explain the concept of homeostasis & its significance for living organisms
C. Describe how positive & negative feedback are involved in homeostatic
regulation
I. Human Body:Orientation
A. Anatomy
1.
2. gross anatomy
a. surface anatomygeneral form & superficial markings
b. regional anatomyanatomical organization of specific body areas
c. systemic anatomyorgan system & f(x)s in coordinated manner
d. developmental anatomychanges in form from conception to maturity
3. microscopic anatomy
a. cytologystudy of individual cells
b. histologyexamination of tissues
B. Physiology
1.
2. neurophysiology=explains the workings of the NS
3. cardiac physiology=studies f(x) of the heart
4. pathological physiology=study of the effects of diseases on organ/system
f(x)
C. Relationship
1. form follows f(x)
a.
b. all specific f(x)s are performed by specific structures
II. Levels of Structural Organization
A. Atoms to organisms
1. atomsbuilding blocks of matter; combine to form molecules
2. cellssmallest unit of living things; form from molecules
a. cell theory
3. tissuesgrp of similar cells that have a common f(x)
4. organscomposed of 2/more tissue types that perform a specific f(x)
5. organ systemgrp of organs that work together to accomplish a common
purpose
6. organismorgan systems working together to maintain life & health
III. Organ System Overview
A.
1. skin, hair, sweat glands, & nails
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
B.
1. bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints, & bone marrow
a.
b.
c. stores mineralscalcium & phosphorous
d. hematopoiesis
C.
1. skeletal muscles & associated tendons
a. f(x)=to contractshortens
b.
c. generates heatmaintain body temp
D.
1. brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, & sense organs
a.
b. coordinates activities of other organ systems
c.
E.
1. pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, gonads, & other
endocrine tissues
a. directs long-term changes in activities of organ systems
b.
c.
F.
1. heart, blood, & blood vessels
a. f(x)
b. distributes heat & assists in body temp control
G.
1. spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, & tonsils
a.
2. f(x)
3. returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
H.
1. nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, & alveoli
2. f(x)
3. prod sounds for communication
I.
1. mouth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm. intestine, lg. intestine,
liver, gallbladder, & pancreas
2.
J.
1. kidneys, ureters, bladder, & urethra
2.
3. stores urine prior to elimination
K.
1. Male
a. testes, epididymus, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis,
scrotum
1.
2. Female
b. ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
1.
IV. Maintaining Life
A. Necessary life f(x)s
1. Boundaries
a.
2. Movement
a. internal
b. externalwalking, running, etc
3. Responsiveness/irritability
a.
4. Digestion
a. process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can
be absorbed into the blood
5. Metabolism
a.
6. Excretion
a. process of removing wastes from the body
7. Reproduction
a. prod. Offspring
8. Growth & differentiation
a.
b.
B. Survival Needs
1. Nutrients
2. Oxygen
3. Water
4. Normal body temp
a.
5. Atmospheric pressure
a. force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of the air
V. Homeostasis
A.
1.
2. not a set valueactually a range
3. remember dynamic equilibrium????????
B. Homeostatic Controls
1. homeostatic regulation
a. keeps internal ENVR w/I certain limits
b. communication is the key b/c it involves multiple systems
c.
C. Mechanisms
1. autoregulation/intrinsic regulation
a.
b. O2 levels decrease, cell releases chems to dilate blood vesselmore
blood delivered=more O2 to cell
2. extrinsic regulation
a.
b.
c.
3. homeostatic regulation reqs.
a. the body constantly monitors & communicates w/I itself
b.
c.
1. receptor
a.
2. control center
a.
b. analyzes the input
c. determines the appropriate response
3. effector
a.
b. info flows away from the control centerefferent pathway
c. the response feedsback to the influence the stimulus
1.
2.
3.
4. positive feedback
a.
b.
5. negative feedback
a.
b.
VI. The Language of Anatomy
A. Anatomical Position
1. to understand A & P it’s important to know & recognize location of
structures
2. we will assume that the body is in the anatomical position
a.
B. Directional Terms
1. allow one to explain where one body structure is in relation to
another
C. Regional Terms
1. specific landmarks
a. anterior landmarks
b. posterior landmarks
D. Body Planes & Sections
1. a section is referred to as a cut
2. a plane is an imaginary line
a.
3. sagittal section
a.
b. if the cut is made down the midline or median plane & the L & R
halves are equal size=median/midsagittal section
4. frontal section
a.
b. also called a coronal plane
5. transverse section
a.
b. also called a cross-section
E. Body Cavities
1. understanding body cavities will help know where organs/systems are
located
2. dorsal body cavity
a. cranial cavity
b. spinal cavity
3. ventral body cavity
a. large cavity
b.
1.
2. mediastinum separates lungs into the L & R cavities
c.
1. divided into 4 quadrants:
2. 9 regions:
a. umbilical
b.
epigastricsuperior to umbilical region
c. hypogastric/pubic regioninferior to umbilical region
d. R & L iliac/inguinal regionslateral to hypogastric region
e. R & L lumbar regionslateral to umbilical region
f. R & L hypochondriac regionslateral epigastic region
4. other body cavities
a. oral & digestive cavities
b. nasal cavity
c. orbital cavities
d. middle ear cavities