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Lower Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic Girdle • Composed of sacrum, coccyx, and 2 coxae (hipbones) • Coxae have 3 distinct parts: – Ilium – Ischium – Pubis Pelvic Girdle, continued….. • Coxae parts fuse together in the acetabulum, a cup-shaped area on the lateral surface of the hip that receives the head of the femur. Ilium • Largest and uppermost portion of the coxa • The upper edge is called the iliac crest • Joins the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint • Anterior superior iliac spine- the bony prominence you feel as your “hipbone” Ischium • Forms the lowest portion of the coxa • Ischial tuberosity – Points posteriorly AND downward – Supports the weight of the body when sitting • Ischial spine – a sharp projection above the ischial tuberosity, near the junction of the ischium and ilium Pubis • Anterior portion of the coxa • Two pubic bones join midline at the symphysis pubis joint • Pubic arch – Angle formed by pubic bones below the symphysis pubis – Arch is wider in females Female vs. Male Pelvis Lower Limb • • • • • • • Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Femur • Longest and strongest bone in the body • Head at top fits into __________of coxa • Greater trochanter – superior, lateral process • Lesser trochanter – inferior, medial process • Distal end: – Two rounded processes posteriorly: Tibia • aka, “shin bone” • Proximal end: – Medial and lateral condyles are concave and articulate with condyles of the femur – Tibial tuberosity just below the condyles; attachment point for patellar ligament • Distal end: medial malleolus forms prominent bony point of inner ankle Fibula • Proximal: head – Articulates with tibia just below the lateral condyle – DOES NOT enter into knee joint or bear any weight • Distal: lateral malleolus forms outer prominent bony part of ankle Ankle (Tarsals) • “Tiger Cubs Need MILC” • Talus (A) Calcaneus (“heal bone”) (K) Navicular (B) Medial cuneiform (D) Intermediate cuneiform (C) Lateral cuneiform (I) Cuboid (J) Side View of the Bones of the Foot Foot • 5 metatarsals – numbered 1-5 starting medially – Heads at distal ends form the ball of the foot • Phalanges – Toes – Each toe has 3 phalanges, except the big toe – What are the phalanges of each toe called? (HINT: Just like the fingers) Joints • AKA “articulations” – functional junctions between bones • Functions: – Bind parts of the skeletal system – Make bone growth possible – Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth – Enable the body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions