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Gender & Reproductive Health Integrating a Gender Transformative Approach into Programs & Policies Created for Office on Women’s Health Dept of Health and Human Services Copyright TrueChild, Inc. 2011 1 1. INTRODUCTIONS 2. Background 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. Gender Norms 5. Connect to Sex 6. Secondary Connections 7. Gender Transformative 8. Assessment Tools 9. Resource Kit 2 What We Do Thought Leadership That Brings a Gender Transformative Analysis TrueChild To Serving AtRisk Youth In US Policies & Programs Gender norms & gender equity are the key to improving life outcomes. g 3 TrueChild 1. Translate research & knowledge on gender equity into toolkits & resources 2. Provide onsite training, technical support and hand-holding 3. Help groups integrate G/T approach: materials, programs, websites, policies 1. Partner with CBOs to develop model pilot programs that are G/T Bec. harmful gender norms are a root cause of health disparity Esp. for disadvantaged & at-risk children & youth. 4 Copyright TrueChild, Inc. 2010 g 2 Riki Wilchins, M.A. Dir of Programs & Research • • • • 35 years advocating gender justice for at-risk youth Three books on gender norms’ impact on youth Focused on intersection of gender+race+sex/or+class 70 Under 30 first human rights report documenting fatal violence against Af-Am transgender women • TIME selected 1 of 6 community advocates in “100 Civic Innovators for the 21st Century.” g 5 1. Introductions 2. BACKGROUND 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. Gender Norms 5. Connect to Sex 6. Secondary Connections 7. Gender Transformative 8. Assessment Tools 9. Resource Kit 6 Writing on Gender Norms 7 Experimental Research on Gender Norms. 8 Programs Focusing on Gender Norms Gender norms affect both individual risk and societal vulnerability to HIV/AIDS Gender norms are among the key factors which underlie young people’s vulnerability to HIV Gender norms are integral to individuals’ vulnerability to infection, ability to access treatment, and ability to cope when infected. 9 But in US Research & Programs – A Disconnect Astounding as it may seem, the central role of… gender roles in [reproductive health] has been largely ignored…” “Studying sex in a gender vacuum.” Gender and Sexual Risk Reduction: Issues to Consider H Amaro – 1996 - Proceedings of the National Latino HIV/AIDS Love, sex, and power. Considering women's realities in HIV prevention H Amaro - 1995 - Cited by 691 Am Psychol. 1995 Jun;50(6):437-47. 10 US Disconnect: CDC Programs 11 US Disconnect: Repro Policy 12 International: The Reconnect! rs 13 International: The Reconnect! Integrated Gender Equity approach to… Infant & Maternal care Male Health & Vulnerability Intimate Partner Violence Male-on-Male Violence Reproductive health/HIV rs 14 Disconnect vs. Reconnect U.S. International Health framework Human rights framework Individual focused Community focused American exceptionalism Partnership w/ other countries key Emphasis on big RCT Emphasis on promising, replicable pilots Research is scientific, experimental Research is field-based, applied Incrsg focus on school-based sex ed Incrsg focus on community-based programs Highly political Results oriented Feminism equalized most inequities Major M/F inequities remain Ignore communal norms Communal norms crucial Focus on gender norms Focus on gender equity and norms rs 15 1. Introductions 2. Background 3. SIX DEGREES OF GENDER 4. Gender Norms 5. Connect to Sex 6. Secondary Connections 7. Gender Transformative 8. Assessment Tools 9. Resource Kit 16 Six Degrees of Gender “Gender is what culture makes out of sex” Gender Identity An inner sense of one’s self as masculine or feminine, male or female Gender Expression How we express a sense of being masculine or feminine through clothing, preferences, and behavior. 17 Six Degrees of Gender Gender Roles How each sex is subject to different expectations and pressures, which results in feminine or masculine behaviors and attitudes [Examples?] Gender Traits Having physical and emotional characteristics considered feminine or masculine Think Lady Gaga and Matt Damon as Jason Bourne. 18 Six Degrees of Gender Sex Physical primary (genitals, chromosomes) & secondary (body hair, bones) characteristics (1% of Burn Chart) Sexual Orientation Sexual attraction to males or females, men or women Sexuality Social construction of sexual attraction: whom one has sex with, how, why, under what circumstances, with what outcomes. 19 Six Degrees of Gender Gender Identity Woman GenderQueer/Bigender Man Gender Expression Feminine Androgynous Masculine Sexual Orientation Gay Bisexual Straight Sex Female Intersex Male 20 Intersex? Variety of common conditions where anatomy not typical F/M Girl born with testicular tissue as part of ovaries Boy with an extremely small penis Boy with a scrotum divided so that it’s’ more labia. Baby with some cells XX and some XY Girl born with a noticeably large clitoris. Cheryl Chase 21 Transgender? Umbrella term for: Crossdressers Transsexuals Drag people Genderqueer youth Boychix, boyz, boy-identified dykes, trykes, grrrlz, etc. 22 Transgender Effects on Sexual Behavior Much more likely to: Be victims of assault, partner violence Be forced from home, school Be estranged from adult authority figures Be forced to do sex work for food, shelter Be profoundly depressed Use drugs 23 1. Introductions 2. Background 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. GENDER NORMS 5. Connecting to Sex 6. Secondary Connections 7. Gender Transformative 8. Assessment Tools 9. Resource Kit 24 Gender Norms Socially-constructed expectations, norms, scripts for male-female behavior, characteristics, and roles Other terms • “Femininity Ideology/Masculinity Ideology” • “Hegemonic Masculinity” • “Hetero-normativity.” 25 Gender Norms • External and internal norms • External and internal pressures, desires, rewards o External pressure (They’ll call me a sissy if I don’t have sex early, often) o External rewards (If I have sex early, often they’ll think I’m a Real Man) o Internal pressure (I’m a sissy if I don’t have sex early, often) o Internal rewards (If I have sex early, often that means I’m a Real Man) o Internal desires (I feel like a real man when I have lots of sex). 26 Gender Norms • Define male-female relations esp. o Power dynamics o How we have sex, who does what, to whom, when • Highly binary: promote difference and opposition • Presented as o Natural o Inevitable o Universal o Timeless (Nature’s law (crying babies, math) (Boys will be boys) (everyone is like this) (always been this way). Gender = What society makes out of bodies & sex 27 Binaries: It’s about Power • Subordinate term w/ less power • Can’t just try to equalize power • Separate but equal narrow, binary norms won’t work To create more equitable power relationships for women and girls we need to create more equitable – less harmful – less binary gender norms! 28 Binaries: It’s about Power Pervasive effects: Gender division of labor • Relegated to “women’s work” – lower value, recognition • Un-under-paid nurturing: child/elder/sick care, housekeeping • Favor male income-generating work, achievement • Higher status, $ for male-oriented work (programming, surgeons). Theory of Gender & Power 29 Binaries: It’s about Power Gender division of labor – Repro effects • Women have less leverage in sexual relationships • Less likely to have insurance, access health care • More likely to be financially dependent • Often less likely to be educated (changing) • Make more risk-taking compromises to hold men • Lower income linked to higher HIV rate. Theory of Gender & Power 30 Binaries: It’s about Power Pervasive effects: Gender division of identity Structures semantic space in which M/W can think of themselves • Structures images, media, normative ideals • Language available to speak gender fluidity • Structures of social space • Places limitations on language (effeminate, unmanly) 31 It’s a Guy Thing Boys will be boys! …But what kind? 32 It’s a Guy Thing Attributes of Trad’l Masculinity • • • • • • • Strong Dominant Silent Tough Self-reliant Powerful Boisterous • • • • • • • Healthy Risk-loving Aggressive Heterosexual! Despise homosexuals Virile Knowledgeable. 33 It’s a Guy Thing The “Man Box” We’re in this box, and in order to be in that box, you have to be strong, you have to be tough, you have to have a lot of girls, you gotta have money, you have to be a player or a pimp, you gotta to be in control, you have to dominate other men, and you know if you are not any of those things, then people call you soft or weak or a p*ssy or a chump or a f*ggot and nobody wants to be any of those things. So everybody stays inside the box. Byron Hurt “Beyond Beats & Rhymes” 34 It’s a Girl Thing Many femininities… 35 It’s a Girl Thing Attributes of Trad’l Femininity • • • • • • Soft Weaker Submissive Deferential Pretty & thin Maternal • • • • • • Nurturing Emotional, sensitive Heterosexual! Social Quiet Virginal, naïve. 36 Gender Norms Change But seem inevitable and totally natural at the time… 37 Gender Norms Are Highly Regulated What are you called when you cross gender lines? Male Female Ostracism Shame intimidation Economic Discrimination Violence 38 Gender Norms Are Structural Schools, Agencies, & CBOs create, regulate, reinforce their own gender regimes… Approach young women as victims, helpless, vulnerable Reward males for boisterousness (and punish girls) Assume all young women want babies, families Tolerate gendered harassment or teasing of females Have men in top positions, use women as care-takers Segregate males/female needlessly…. Population Council 39 Norms Are Structural Schools, Agencies, & CBOs gender regimes… Treat boys/girls differently when needs are the same Treat boys/girls the same when their needs are different Team males/females up against one another Use gender to stigmatize (ok girls, let’s be ladylike”) Assume hetero-normativity Shame boys for crying, passivity, unathletic (Man up!). Population Council 40 Norms: The Good, the Bad & The Ugly Two Sides – Not Strong Aggressive Dominant Tough Loner Good provider Protective Women & child first Good in times of danger Independent judgment. 41 Under-Resourced Environments • Codes especially narrow • Strong peer pressure on “the street” • Harsh punishment for transgression • Few ways to constructively display masculinity/femininity 42 Under-Resourced Environments • Throw the ball • Have lots of girls • Get lots of money Don McPherson Former NFL Quarterback “We don’t teach our boys to be men we teach them not be women or homosexual.” 43 1. Introductions 2. Background 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. Gender Norms 5. CONNECT TO SEX 6. Secondary Connections 7. Gender Transformative 8. Assessment Tools 9. Resource Kit 44 Connect to Sex • Traditional Masculinity & Femininity are “Gateway Attitudes” • Have global effects on sexuality & HIV vulnerability. 45 Connect to Sex Gender Intensification Period • Late adolescence – Early teens • Interest in norms accelerates • Belief intensifies… • And solidifies (increasingly harder to change) • Accept primitive gender ideals as literally true • Peer pressure/norms/acceptance crucial. 46 Connect to Sex: Young Men Beliefs • • • • • • • • • • • Sex is adversarial Pregnancy validates manhood Woman’s responsibility to prevent conception Must control of female partners Can’t help themselves (hydraulic model) Need lots of women (hydraulic model) Always ready for sex Risk-taking sign of masculinity Must bear pain, sickness in silence Homosexuality is shameful, unmanly 1st penetrative sex = manhood (penetrative/vaginal the standard). 47 Connect to Sex: Young Men Behavior • • • • • • • • • • • • • Earlier sex Less intimate sex Lots of partners (incl. sex workers) Avoid condoms, avoid erection loss Risky behavior Brag about sexual conquests Dominate women (violently if nec.) Family planning women’s problem Avoid doctors (sickness=weakness, dependency, femininity) Avoid showing ignorance, asking questions Don’t cry, show emotion Have few v. close friends, social support system Premium on younger women. 48 Connect to Sex: Young Women Beliefs • • • • • • • • • • Must have a man! Revere virginity & sexual purity Pregnancy validates womanhood Revere motherhood Should be obedient Good girls are sexually naïve (not a “slut”) Man can look elsewhere if “let’s herself go” Defer to men’s sexual prerogatives Aren’t supposed to want much sex Premium on older, stronger men. 49 Connect to Sex: Young Women Behavior • • • • • • • • • • Accept unsafe sex to keep man Fear to negotiate, insist on condom Docile, obedient Don’t assert their own desires, needs sexually Defer to male sexual prerogatives Don’t carry condoms Anal sex to preserve virginity Don’t discuss sex (esp. w/ men) Tolerate male infidelity Tolerate sexual coercion, violence • Get pregnant to validate womanhood • Get pregnant to hold onto a man • Go out with much older men • Are drawn to “bad boys” • No condoms w/ main boyfriend. 50 Connect to HIV Other Areas? • Ability to get treatment • Cope with burden of infection • Care for family member • Quality of care. 51 1. Introductions 2. Background 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. Gender Norms 5. Connect to Sex 6. SECONDARY FACTORS 7. Gender Transformative 8. Assessment Tools 9. Exercises 10. Resource Kit 52 Secondary Connections Tied to gender norms & sexuality • Alcohol & Drug Abuse • Sexual Coercion, IPV & Girlfriend Abuse • Down-low and MSMs. 53 Drugs & Alcohol • To look manly (girls to look cool) • Lower inhibition • Increases power imbalance • Negates condom negotiation, planning • More sexual risk-taking • Injection drugs & HIV. 54 Sexual Coercion/IPV • Construction of masculinity & gender roles • Control of woman central to public manhood • Public disrespect loss of manhood • Justified as rational, effectual male response to female insubordination (usually intimate partner) • Men as victims. 55 Sexual Coercion/IPV • Common sexual triggers o o o o Condom negotiation Safer sex insistence Sexual refusal Non-abstinent behavior by female partner • Non-physical abuse o Psychological o Economic o Social • Exacerbated by alcohol/drug use. 56 Sexual Coercion/IPV • Effects on women Less like to use, negotiate condoms More likely to engage in prostitution Lower self-efficacy, self-esteem, depression More likely to seek, tolerate high-risk abusive men • Higher rates of HIV STIs Unplanned pregnancy Rape • Not an incident but a sustained pattern of gender relations. 57 On the DL • Rooted in pressures to “man up” o Be straight, homosexuality = effeminacy o Only white men are “gay” • Homophobia in comm. of color, churches • Linked to unplanned and riskier sex o Planning = admission of gayness o Keeps denial going. 58 DL Sexual Impacts • Lying to intimate partners abt risky behaviors • Less likely to be sexually prepared (info, condoms) • Higher substance abuse to: • Lower inhibition • Impair memory • Remove responsibility for sex • Less like to get tested • More likely hide HIV+ status. 59 MSMs • Manliness=health vulnerability is unmanly o Avoid discussing HIV, STIs o Avoid condom negotiation o Only receptive is gay in some cultures • Lower condom use – fear of loss of erection o During negotiation o When putting on o During use • Barebacking: manly, risk- taking... 60 MSMs • Receptive anal sex = feminine = under-reporting • Internalized homophobia o Avoid caressing, kissing, mutual oral o Focus on penetration o Stranger-to-stranger hook-up o Avoidance of relationships o Hyper-masculinity • Promiscuity = manliness. 61 1. Introductions 2. Background 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. Gender Norms 5. Connect to Sex 6. Secondary Factors 7. GENDER TRANSFORMATIVE 8. Assessment Tools 9. Resource Kit 62 Gender Transformative “The foundation for any educational curriculum for engaging young men in HIV prevention should be critical reflections on societal constructions of gender norms and sexuality, including the impact of rigid masculine stereotypes on young men’s behaviors and vulnerability.” 63 Gender Transformative Programs that… 1. Make participants aware of gender norms 2. Challenge them to think critically about them 3. Redefine them in more gender equitable ways 4. Address men as change agents, not villains, by-standers, or allies. Geeta Gupta 64 Gender Transformative Gender Continuum -- Geeta Gupta/Anne Eckman 65 Gender Exploitative Employ traditional gender norms o Men as aggressors, in control, etc. o Women as weak, mothers only, etc. Mine existing power imbalances o Solidify them May work in short run but… o May be unsustainable o Harmful long-term consequences. 66 Gender Exploitative: Examples • Use violent, predatory images of male sexuality. • Portray women as powerless, victims, disease vectors A family planning campaign for male participation in family planning used traditionally macho sports messages: “Play the game right, once you are in control, it’s easy to be a winner” and “It’s your choice.” Condom use increased, but afterwards males were more likely to belief that family planning decisions should be the man’s alone. 67 Gender Neutral Gender analysis is assumed unnecessary, irrelevant Assumes neutrality is acceptable Ignores gendered contexts to sex, health, relations Neutrality reinforces and reproduces gender injustices Neutrality exploits inequalities , reinforces stereotypes. 68 Gender Neutral: Examples • Use a virile, strong man to promote condom use. • Score male and female condom use the same or actual condom use but ignore attempted condom negotiations • Encourage women to negotiate, insist on safer sex but don’t address power differential, risks, violence, etc. • Don’t address men or portray them as bystanders, aggressors. 69 Gender Sensitive Accommodate gender norms but not reduce inequality Gender norms introduced only to reach goals ‘Gender-by-numbers’ w/ ‘inclusion of women’ No gender analysis of power, inequality, or norms Gender approach not culturally-relevant or sensitive. 70 Gender Sensitive: Examples Women’s safer sex program acknowledges risks, power imbalances in condom negotiation but doesn’t challenge them or address men. ¡Cuídate! addresses machismo and “who is a man?” but only to frame condom use as culturally acceptable. 71 Gender “Transforming” Addresses gender imbalances Teach assertiveness, improve negotiation skills Integrated fully into programs, materials, policy. 72 Gender “Transforming” SISTA, SIHLE Promote gender pride for women, culturally-sensitive Address gender and power, acknowledge power imbalances Promote assertiveness and negotiation skills Not a lot of focus on challenging internalized feminine norms Do not challenge male macho attitudes. 73 Gender Transformative Create more equitable gender relationships Challenge harmful gender norms: internal and external Integrated fully into programs, materials, policy Engage men fully as equal partners (not allies, villains) Are culturally-specific and sensitive Address healthy sexuality, pleasure not just prevention. 74 Gender Transformative Project H/Project M • Engage young men as well • Address power imbalances • Address internal & external gender norms • Address healthy, pleasurable sex, feelings and relationships • Encourages participants to: o Think critically about gender codes o Change external social norms. 75 Gender Empowering Aims to equalize power imbalance Address structural inequality Empowers vulnerable to address power imbalance Support each in creating own gender equity vision. 76 Gender Justice Aims for full realization of human rights for all genders and gender expressions Intersectional – honors many masc & fem nuanced by history, culture, social class Works on diff levels to change structures & systems of oppression (legal, social, etc.). 77 77 1. Introductions 2. Background 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. Gender Norms 5. Connect to Sex 6. Secondary Factors 7. Gender Transformative 8. ASSESSMENT TOOLS 9. Resource Kit 78 Organization Assessment Tool 1. Serves both male & female clients 2. Implements new staffer intake training about gender norms & sexuality 3. Has both men and women in staff, management & board positions 4. Has gender non-conforming/LGBTQ on staff, management & board 5. Has HR policies that address “gender identity & expression” 6. Has policies dealing with IPV/GBV 7. Offers women/men same services when needs are same 8. Offers men/women different services when needs are different 9. Has mission that includes transforming gender norms 10. Has mission that envisions gender justice & empowering clients. 11. Has full buy-in on G/T work from Board and leadership. 79 Staff Assessment Tool Management & Staff understand… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Gender concepts and definitions Gender-based power imbalances Culturally-specific gender norms Gender-based violence and IPV Alternative and non-conforming genders + LGBTQ Gender continuum approach Management & Staff are committed to… 7. Being honest about their own gender non-conformity 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Challenging compulsory heterosexuality & heteronormativity Engaging men as full partners (not villains, bystanders, allies) Engaging women as full clients (not victims or vectors) Challenging systems of gender inequity and power imbalance Challenging gender norms of masculinity, femininity Gender justice & transformation. 80 Program, Policy & Materials Assessment Tool 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Distinguish between sex and gender, and explain gender norms & sex Address impact of both internal & external gender norms Challenge clients to think critically about gender norms Integrate culturally-relevant gender norms throughout (not in isolation) Engage males as co-equals (not villains, bystanders, allies) Engage women as co-equals (not victims, vectors) Gender mainstreams (make women’s concerns integral to all services) Address IPV/GBV with both male & female clients Address labor and power imbalances in safer sex Address substance abuse, gender norms, and unsafe sex Encourage men to have healthy relationships with family, offspring Avoid gender exploitive/stereotypic images, messages Address healthy, pleasurable sex, not just disease prevention Directly challenges homophobia, heteronormativity Include LGBT & gender-nonconforming images, messages Encourage youth to work challenge harmful gender norms in society Address online dimension of gender norms, gender regulation. 81 Program Development Checklist 82 Program Synchrnoization IGWG & USAID 83 Client Assessment Tool GEM Scale 1 – Inequitable Gender Norms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. It is the man who decides what type of sex to have. A woman’s most important role is to take care of her home and cook for her family. Men need sex more than women do. You don’t talk about sex, you just do it. Women who carry condoms on them are “easy”. Changing diapers, giving kids a bath, feeding kids are mothers’ responsibility. It is a woman’s responsibility to avoid getting pregnant. A man should have the final word about decisions in his home. Men are always ready to have sex. There are times when a woman deserves to be beaten. A man needs other women, even if things with his wife are fine. If someone insults me, I defend my reputation, with force if I have to. A woman should tolerate violence in order to keep her family together. I would be outraged if my wife asked me to use a condom. It is okay for a man to hit his wife is she won't have sex with him. I would never have a gay friend. It disgusts me when I see a man acting like a woman. Instituto PROMUNDO 84 Client Assessment Tool G.E.M. Scale 2 – Equitable Gender Norms 18. A couple should decide together if they want to have children. 19. A woman can suggest using condoms just like a man can. 20. If a guy gets a woman pregnant, the child is the responsibility of both. 21. A man should know what his partner likes during sex. 22. It is important that a father is present in the lives of his children, even if he is no longer with the mother. 23. Couples should decide together what type of contraceptive to use. 24. It is important to have a male friend you can talk about your problems. Instituto PROMUNDO 85 Self Assessment Tool 1. I am committed to creating more healthy, equal and pleasurable sex 2. I am committed to more gender equitable relationships, community. Heteronormativity 3. I check my own heteronormativity, integrate LGBTQ in my work 4. I am committed to challenging compulsory heteronormativity 5. I am Honest about my own same sex feelings in work. Gender Norms 6. I am willing to model non-traditional masc/fem & gender non-conformity in work 7. I am committed to changing harmful gender norms of masculinity & femininity 8. I integrate gender transformative stance through-out my work (not segregated). Gender Roles 9. I treat men as full partners & change agents (not villains, allies, bystanders) 10. I treat women as full partners & change agents (not victims, vectors) 11. I am familiar with culturally-relevant gender norms for my population. Power & GBV 12. I think about power imbalances and division in my own relationship(s) 13. I am sensitive to power imbalances in client relationships 14. I acknowledge challenges and problems of IPV & abuse for girls/women in work. 86 15 Proven Group Exercises 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Create word webs for the “Girl/Woman Box” and “Boy/Man Box” Vote with Your Feet exercise (using GEM scale or other list) One time you were teased, harassed for not being real man/woman A memory of your family treating you one way because of sex A memory of your family treating you one way bec. of gender norms 3 ways school treats you differently because you’re a girl/boy How do you feel about stay-at-home dads? About male nurses? How do you/your friends feel about masculine women/feminine men? How do you, your friends/family feel about gay or transgender people? What images do you see in media about masculinity/femininity? Did you ever not get a toy you wanted because of being a boy/girl? What names are boys/girls called for being sexually active or not? Ever been discouraged from a class/job bec. of being man/woman? How are your gender norms different from your grandparents? 1 way to challenge friend/family/boy&girlfriend’s gender expectations. Instituto PROMUNDO & Population Council 87 1. Introductions 2. Background 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. Gender Norms 5. Connect to Sex 6. Secondary Factors 7. Gender Transformative 8. Assessment Tools 9. Exercises 10. RESOURCE KIT 88 Resource Kit 1. Gender & HIV AIDS – Taking Stock of Research & Programs [UNAIDS] 2. Gender Analysis in Health [WHO] 3. Gender Equitable Men (GEM) Scale [Horizons & Promundo] 4. Gender Sexuality & HIV - The Why The Why The How [Geeta Gupta] 5. Integrating Gender into HIV-AIDS Programs [Geeta Gupta] 6. It’s All One Curriculum – Gender Activities [PopCouncil] 7. Its All One Curriculum – Gender Guidelines [PopCouncil] 8. Program H(omens) -- Preventing & Living w AIDS [Promundo] 9. Program H(omens) – Sexuality & Reproductive Health [Promundo] 10. Program M(ujeres) [Promundo] 11. So What Report [IGWG & WHO] 12. Synchronizing Gender Strategies [IGWG & UZSAID] 13. Young Men & HIV Prevention Toolkit [Promundo & UNFPA] 89 Project H Instituto PROMUNDO 90 Integrating Gender into HIV Prog W.H.O. 91 It’s All One Population Council 92 1. Introductions 2. Background 3. Six Degrees of Gender 4. Gender Norms 5. Connect to Sex 6. Secondary Factors 7. Gender Transformative 8. Assessment Tools 9. Resource Kit SOME CLOSING THOUGHTS 93 People Pointers • Single-sex groups better than mixed-sex? o Sometimes, depends on the subject • Same sex facilitators? o Qualities of facilitator to listen, engage, inspire more important – M/F teams often work well. Population Council 94 People Pointers People get angry, defensive, feel threatened People have major shame issues Visceral, taps into homophobia, religion, etc. May tap into bullying, beatings, home violence Triggers childhood training, memories May cause push-back from parents (esp. fathers) People will say things privately won’t say publicly. Population Council 95 A new frontier 1. Since 1990s program designers have recognized gender dimensions of HIV vulnerability… …but struggled to turn that into effective interventions 2. G/T approach not just an add-on or ‘accessory”… …but new approach req deeper understanding & vision 3. Most initiatives have been promising but small, experimental… … so scaling up, eval still major challenge 4. Not just a “health matter”… …but changing oppressive, harmful, & ingrained normative social structures. Geeta Gupta 96 www.truechild.org 97