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PERIOD 2
Organization
and
Reorganization
of Human
Societies
(c. 600 BCE –
500 CE)
40. WHAT DO CONFUCIANISM, HINDUISM,
AND CHRISTIANIT Y HAVE IN COMMON?
 They helped justify and preserve social inequality
 Although most Westerners do not associate this with
Christianity, numerous biblical passages advice the poor and
the slaves to accept their lots in life and obey their masters.
41. LOCATION OF CLASSICAL GREECE
 Eastern Mediterranean
Sea
 Southern end of the
Balkan peninsula
 Southeastern Europe
 Surrounded by the Aegean
and Ionian Seas
42. EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL DIFFUSION IN
CLASSICAL SOCIET Y
 Preferences for silk garments among the Roman
elite
 The spread of Buddhism and Christianity
43. WHICH REGION OF THE WORLD DID NOT
EXPERIENCE THE NEOLITHIC TRANSITION BY
600 CE?
 Australia
44. REGIONS OF THE WORLD AFFECTED
BY HELLENISTIC CULTURE
 Middle East
 Mediterranean
 South Asia
45. POLITICAL PRACTICES OF THE ROMAN
REPUBLIC COMPARED THE ROMAN EMPIRE
 Both the Republic and the Empire recruited local
elites in recently conquered areas to represent the
interests of the imperial center
46. SOLON
 Greek leaders who exercised “practical” political
leadership
 Laid the foundation for future democracy
 Ended exclusive aristocratic control of the
government
 Substituted a system of control by the wealthy
 Political positions allotted by wealth, not birth
 Introduced a new and more humane law code
 Was also a noted poet.
47. ROLE OF WOMEN IN CLASSICAL ATHENS
COMPARED TO CLASSICAL ROME
 In regards to divorce and property rights women in
classical Athens had far fewer rights compared to
women in classical Rome
 Despite their vital role in Ancient Greek and Roman
society, women were not considered full citizens and
in most instances required a guardian – their
fathers, and later husbands – to represent them.
 The quality of life largely depended on class and
status, for example, upper class women generally did
not work, although poor women had to toil in the
fields to survive.
48. CONNECTION BET WEEN SOCRATES,
PLATO, ARISTOTLE, AND ALEXANDER THE
GREAT
Teacher-student relationship
 Socrates – Plato
 Plato – Aristotle
 Aristotle – Alexander the Great
49. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
ROMAN AND HAN EMPIRES
 Both dealt with mounting costs associated with
defending imperial frontiers
 These costs led to economic and political crises
50. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF
CLASSICAL GREECE, ROME, INDIA, AND
CHINA
 Social hierarchy -
although their structures varied, each had divisions
between economic and social classes; slavery existed to some extent in all
 Patriarchal family structures - Like the river valley
civilizations that preceded them, they valued male authority within
families, as well as in most other areas of life.
 Agricultural-based economies - Despite more sophisticated and
complex job specialization, the most common occupation in all areas
was farming.
 Complex governments - Because they were so large, these
three civilizations had to invent new ways to keep their lands
together politically. Their governments were large and complex,
although they each had unique ways of governing
 Expanding trade base - Their economic systems were complex.
Although they generally operated independently, trade routes connected
them by both land and sea.
51. ROLE OF WOMEN IN EARLY BUDDHISM
AND EARLY CHRISTIANIT Y
 Both allowed women to enter monastic life
52. CONNECTION BET WEEN ASHOKA AND
CONSTANTINE
Both underwent a religious conversion process
that had a broad-based impact on the lands
under their control
 Ashoka converted to Buddhism
 Constantine converted to Christianity
53. COMMON METHOD OF POLITICAL
CONTROL FOR ROMAN AND HAN EMPIRES
 Both gave relative autonomy for local elites who
were cooperative with them
54. ROLE OF EURASIAN NOMADS BEFORE
600 CE
 Interacted intermittently with civilizations, often
through trade
55. COMPARING THE EASTERN AND
WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
 The Eastern Roman empire was traditionally more
economically vibrant due to is more active trade
links with the East.
 As a result, the Western Roman Empire suffered a
greater breakdown of Roman imperial unity.
56. CHARACTERISTICS OF ANCIENT ROMAN
TRADE
 Most trade routes were focused around the
Mediterranean Sea.
 “All roads lead to Rome”
 The main trading partners were in Spain, France, the
Middle East and North Africa.
 Trade was vital. The empire cost a vast sum of
money to run and trade brought in much of that
money.
The population of the city of Rome was one million
and such a vast population required all manner of
things brought back via trade.
57. REASONS FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE
ROMAN EMPIRE
 It was too vast to impose unity and order among all
of the regions.
 Roman civilization depended almost exclusively on
the ability of the government and the military to
control territory.
 Even though Christianity emerged as a major
religion, it appeared so late in the life of the empire
that it provided little to unify people as Romans after
the empire fell.
 Instead, the areas of the empire fragmented into
small parts and developed unique characteristics,
and the Western Roman Empire never united again
58. BYZANTINE EMPIRE
 The name given to the eastern half of the Roman
empire after the fall of Rome
59. WHICH ANCIENT OR CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION
INVOLVED THE GREATEST DEGREE OF CITIZEN INPUT
INTO GOVERNMENT POLICY?
 The ROMAN republic allowed citizen to choose
representatives who made laws for them.
60. CONNECTION BET WEEN JUDAISM AND
CHRISTIANIT Y
 Christianity’s rise is most accurately viewed as a
modification of Judaism
61. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICAL GREEK
ARCHITECTURE
Columns
 Doric
 Ionic
 Corinthian
Parthenon
62. GREATEST MILITARY THREAT TO THE
CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION
 Persia
63. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICAL INDIAN
CIVILIZATION
 Fertile river valleys
 Isolating mountain ranges
 Dependable monsoon weather patterns
 Decentralized rule by local princes punctuated by
Mauryan and Gupta period of unification
64. THE MOST UNIFYING FORCE IN EARLY
INDIAN CULTURE
 Widely practiced and similar Hindu tradition,
including the caste system
65. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF HINDUISM
COMPARED TO THE OTHER MAJOR
RELIGIONS
 Absence of a central founding figure
 Fostered the formation of rigid social and economic
groups through the caste system
66. HINDUISM INFLUENCE ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF BUDDHISM




Belief in an afterlife/reincarnation
Concern with and reverence for beauty in nature
Ornate temple architecture
Centrality of ritual in worship
67. CONNECTION BETWEEN DHARMA
AND INDIAN SOCIET Y
 It fostered the formation of rigid social and economic groups
68. ANCIENT TEXTS OF THE MAJOR
RELIGIONS




Judaism – The Torah
Christianity – The Bible
Islam – The Koran (Qu’ran)
Hinduism – The Vedas
69. IMPACT OF THE GUPTA EMPIRE
 The concept of zero
70. HISTORICAL POLITICAL PATTERN OF
ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL INDIA
 Dif ficulty in maintaining centralized imperial rule
71. WHY DID LONG-DISTANCE TRADE
FLOURISH IN THE CLASSICAL WORLD?
 Stable imperial authority provided safe passage for merchants
72. THE SPREAD OF BUDDHISM – WHERE
AND HOW?
 It spread through trade routes to…




Southeast Asia
China
Japan
Central Asia
73. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CASTE
SYSTEM
 Thousands of casts have developed in India over the millenia
(a thousand years)
 Based on hereditary status
 Usually unchangeable
 Became more complex with the addition of jati with their own
occupations, rules, and rituals
 Each jati had very little contact with others; intermarried
within the jati
74. HOW DID QIN SHI HUANGDI UNIFY
CHINA INTO ONE EMPIRE?
 Relying mainly on diplomacy and not military force to achieve
territorial expansion
 Appointing bureaucrats to rule the provinces, displacing
regional aristocrats
 Building the Great Wall to guard against invasion
 Establishing uniform currency and measurements
75. DURING WHAT TIME IN CHINESE
HISTORY DID CONFUCIUS LIVE?
 Late Zhou dynasty “Era of Warring States”
76. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEGALISM
AND CONFUCIANISM
 Legalism relied on harsh laws to maintain order while
Confucianism depended on rituals, customs, and obligations
rooted in family relations
77. EARLY CHINESE EMPERORS WITH
NON-CONFUCIAN WORLDVIEWS
 Shi Huangdi (Qin dynasty)
 Empress Wu (Tang dynasty)
78. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
QIN AND HAN DYNASTIES
 Imperial authority was strong in the opening years of each
79. POLITICAL FOCUS OF HAN CHINA




Sponsorship of scientific inquiry
Maintenance of the Great Wall
Grain requisition from the peasantry
Suppression of banditry
80. CHARACTERISTICS OF DAOISM
 Emphasis on harmony with nature
 Balance and harmony
 Detachment from human af fairs (not a political threat to
dynastic rule)
81. REASONS FOR THE HIGHER
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF THE CHINESE
GENTRY
 Control or ownership of extensive farmland
 Ability to af ford preparation of gentry youth for civil service
exams
 Durable positions as local tax collectors and intermediaries
for the imperial center
 Ability to call in military resources of the imperial state to put
down local peasant rebellions
82. HOW DID CHINESE IMPERIAL ELITES VIEW
THEIR CIVILIZATION COMPARED TO THE REST
OF THE WORLD?
 China was a unique and superior civilization surrounded by
barbarians of one sort or another
 The “Middle Kingdom”
83. “FIVE BASIC RELATIONSHIPS” AS
DEFINED BY CONFUCIUS





Ruler-subject
Father-son (parent-child)
Friend-friend
Husband-wife
Older-younger brother
84. WHY HAS CONFUCIAN IDEOLOGY ENDURED
THROUGHOUT CHINESE HISTORY?
 Its ability to model large -scale relations between groups in
the body politic on familial or personal relationships
 Its ability to unify a massive imperial bureaucracy around a
common set of moral precepts over time
 A set of widely agreed-on and accepted essential texts,
beginning with the Analects, which formed a common basis
for study over time
 Its exclusively Chinese origin, which meshed well with
prevalent notions of the superiority of the “Middle Kingdom”
over other civilizations
85. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
CONFUCIANISM AND HINDUISM
 Confucianism emphasized earthly obligations without regard
to concerns relating to afterlife and birth
 Hinduism was based on it's caste system and hereditary in
which the only way to better one's social position is to die
with good karma.
 Confucianism's social hierarchy was based on the educational
system and work ethic when it comes to determining a
person's position.
86. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE ROMAN
AND THE HAN DYNAST Y
 Both achieved long periods of centralized government and
expanding economies
 Both became centers for artistic and scientific achievements
 Each built walls and maintained forts for defense spending a
great deal of time, ef fort and money
 Both economies were based on agriculture but grew into
wealthy urban empires
 Conflict between the wealthy and the peasants were common
in both
 Both brought cultural unity to their lands
87. WHAT T YPES OF INDIVIDUALS
ESTABLISHED CHINESE DYNASTIES?
 Military genius of peasant origin
 Regional feudal ruler who defeats rivals in battle
 Nomadic chieftan
88. THE FALL OF HAN CHINA COMPARED
TO THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
 Dynastic China would return to equal and even greater
prominence
89. SIZE OF THE GUPTA COMPARED TO
THE MAURYAN EMPIRES
 In terms of land space, the Mauryan Empire was larger than
the Gupta Empire
90. SPARTA VS. ATHENS
 Athens placed a higher value on trade and luxuries than
Sparta
 Athens was a democracy while Sparta was an oligarchy
 Sparta – mandatory military service
 Athens – more intellectual and cosmopolitan
91. WHY DID ROME GO TO WAR WITH
CARTHAGE?
 To fight for control of the Mediterranean Sea since Carthage
was the primary port city in North Africa
92. SOCIAL HIERARCHY IN CLASSICAL
CHINA COMPARED TO CLASSICAL INDIA
 China




Scholar-gentry
Artisans and merchants
Ordinary, but free, citizens
The Underclass (bandits, beggars, and vagabonds)
 India




Brahmins = priests and scholars
Kshatriya = warriors and government officials
Vaishya = landowners, merchants, and artisans
Shudra = common peasants and laborers
93. WHAT ARE THE FOUR NOBLE
TRUTHS?
 All of life is suf fering.
 All suf fering is caused by desire for things that ultimately
won’t fulfill us
 Desire can only be overcome by ending all desire
 Desire can only be ended by following the Eightfold Path
94. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
CONFUCIANISM




The Five Basic Relationships
Xiao = filial piety (devotion to family)
Ren = kindness or benevolence
Li = orderly rituals that demonstrate respect
95. CONNECTION BETWEEN TRADE AND
THE SPREAD OF RELIGION
 Trade allowed both Christianity, Islam and Buddhism to
flourish and migrate to other regions
96. INDIAN OCEAN TRADE NETWORK
(REGIONS AFFECTED BY IT)




Eastern Africa (Swahili coast)
West coast of India
East coast of India
Southeast Asia
97. SLAVERY IN CLASSICAL SOCIETIES
 Slavery existed in China, but it was far less prominent than it
was in Rome
 Slavery was central to the Roman economy
 Spartan helots provided agricultural labor
 Existed in India but not as extensively as Rome