Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
PERIOD 2 Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (c. 600 BCE – 500 CE) 40. WHAT DO CONFUCIANISM, HINDUISM, AND CHRISTIANIT Y HAVE IN COMMON? They helped justify and preserve social inequality Although most Westerners do not associate this with Christianity, numerous biblical passages advice the poor and the slaves to accept their lots in life and obey their masters. 41. LOCATION OF CLASSICAL GREECE Eastern Mediterranean Sea Southern end of the Balkan peninsula Southeastern Europe Surrounded by the Aegean and Ionian Seas 42. EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL DIFFUSION IN CLASSICAL SOCIET Y Preferences for silk garments among the Roman elite The spread of Buddhism and Christianity 43. WHICH REGION OF THE WORLD DID NOT EXPERIENCE THE NEOLITHIC TRANSITION BY 600 CE? Australia 44. REGIONS OF THE WORLD AFFECTED BY HELLENISTIC CULTURE Middle East Mediterranean South Asia 45. POLITICAL PRACTICES OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC COMPARED THE ROMAN EMPIRE Both the Republic and the Empire recruited local elites in recently conquered areas to represent the interests of the imperial center 46. SOLON Greek leaders who exercised “practical” political leadership Laid the foundation for future democracy Ended exclusive aristocratic control of the government Substituted a system of control by the wealthy Political positions allotted by wealth, not birth Introduced a new and more humane law code Was also a noted poet. 47. ROLE OF WOMEN IN CLASSICAL ATHENS COMPARED TO CLASSICAL ROME In regards to divorce and property rights women in classical Athens had far fewer rights compared to women in classical Rome Despite their vital role in Ancient Greek and Roman society, women were not considered full citizens and in most instances required a guardian – their fathers, and later husbands – to represent them. The quality of life largely depended on class and status, for example, upper class women generally did not work, although poor women had to toil in the fields to survive. 48. CONNECTION BET WEEN SOCRATES, PLATO, ARISTOTLE, AND ALEXANDER THE GREAT Teacher-student relationship Socrates – Plato Plato – Aristotle Aristotle – Alexander the Great 49. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ROMAN AND HAN EMPIRES Both dealt with mounting costs associated with defending imperial frontiers These costs led to economic and political crises 50. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICAL GREECE, ROME, INDIA, AND CHINA Social hierarchy - although their structures varied, each had divisions between economic and social classes; slavery existed to some extent in all Patriarchal family structures - Like the river valley civilizations that preceded them, they valued male authority within families, as well as in most other areas of life. Agricultural-based economies - Despite more sophisticated and complex job specialization, the most common occupation in all areas was farming. Complex governments - Because they were so large, these three civilizations had to invent new ways to keep their lands together politically. Their governments were large and complex, although they each had unique ways of governing Expanding trade base - Their economic systems were complex. Although they generally operated independently, trade routes connected them by both land and sea. 51. ROLE OF WOMEN IN EARLY BUDDHISM AND EARLY CHRISTIANIT Y Both allowed women to enter monastic life 52. CONNECTION BET WEEN ASHOKA AND CONSTANTINE Both underwent a religious conversion process that had a broad-based impact on the lands under their control Ashoka converted to Buddhism Constantine converted to Christianity 53. COMMON METHOD OF POLITICAL CONTROL FOR ROMAN AND HAN EMPIRES Both gave relative autonomy for local elites who were cooperative with them 54. ROLE OF EURASIAN NOMADS BEFORE 600 CE Interacted intermittently with civilizations, often through trade 55. COMPARING THE EASTERN AND WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE The Eastern Roman empire was traditionally more economically vibrant due to is more active trade links with the East. As a result, the Western Roman Empire suffered a greater breakdown of Roman imperial unity. 56. CHARACTERISTICS OF ANCIENT ROMAN TRADE Most trade routes were focused around the Mediterranean Sea. “All roads lead to Rome” The main trading partners were in Spain, France, the Middle East and North Africa. Trade was vital. The empire cost a vast sum of money to run and trade brought in much of that money. The population of the city of Rome was one million and such a vast population required all manner of things brought back via trade. 57. REASONS FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE It was too vast to impose unity and order among all of the regions. Roman civilization depended almost exclusively on the ability of the government and the military to control territory. Even though Christianity emerged as a major religion, it appeared so late in the life of the empire that it provided little to unify people as Romans after the empire fell. Instead, the areas of the empire fragmented into small parts and developed unique characteristics, and the Western Roman Empire never united again 58. BYZANTINE EMPIRE The name given to the eastern half of the Roman empire after the fall of Rome 59. WHICH ANCIENT OR CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION INVOLVED THE GREATEST DEGREE OF CITIZEN INPUT INTO GOVERNMENT POLICY? The ROMAN republic allowed citizen to choose representatives who made laws for them. 60. CONNECTION BET WEEN JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANIT Y Christianity’s rise is most accurately viewed as a modification of Judaism 61. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICAL GREEK ARCHITECTURE Columns Doric Ionic Corinthian Parthenon 62. GREATEST MILITARY THREAT TO THE CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION Persia 63. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICAL INDIAN CIVILIZATION Fertile river valleys Isolating mountain ranges Dependable monsoon weather patterns Decentralized rule by local princes punctuated by Mauryan and Gupta period of unification 64. THE MOST UNIFYING FORCE IN EARLY INDIAN CULTURE Widely practiced and similar Hindu tradition, including the caste system 65. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF HINDUISM COMPARED TO THE OTHER MAJOR RELIGIONS Absence of a central founding figure Fostered the formation of rigid social and economic groups through the caste system 66. HINDUISM INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUDDHISM Belief in an afterlife/reincarnation Concern with and reverence for beauty in nature Ornate temple architecture Centrality of ritual in worship 67. CONNECTION BETWEEN DHARMA AND INDIAN SOCIET Y It fostered the formation of rigid social and economic groups 68. ANCIENT TEXTS OF THE MAJOR RELIGIONS Judaism – The Torah Christianity – The Bible Islam – The Koran (Qu’ran) Hinduism – The Vedas 69. IMPACT OF THE GUPTA EMPIRE The concept of zero 70. HISTORICAL POLITICAL PATTERN OF ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL INDIA Dif ficulty in maintaining centralized imperial rule 71. WHY DID LONG-DISTANCE TRADE FLOURISH IN THE CLASSICAL WORLD? Stable imperial authority provided safe passage for merchants 72. THE SPREAD OF BUDDHISM – WHERE AND HOW? It spread through trade routes to… Southeast Asia China Japan Central Asia 73. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CASTE SYSTEM Thousands of casts have developed in India over the millenia (a thousand years) Based on hereditary status Usually unchangeable Became more complex with the addition of jati with their own occupations, rules, and rituals Each jati had very little contact with others; intermarried within the jati 74. HOW DID QIN SHI HUANGDI UNIFY CHINA INTO ONE EMPIRE? Relying mainly on diplomacy and not military force to achieve territorial expansion Appointing bureaucrats to rule the provinces, displacing regional aristocrats Building the Great Wall to guard against invasion Establishing uniform currency and measurements 75. DURING WHAT TIME IN CHINESE HISTORY DID CONFUCIUS LIVE? Late Zhou dynasty “Era of Warring States” 76. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEGALISM AND CONFUCIANISM Legalism relied on harsh laws to maintain order while Confucianism depended on rituals, customs, and obligations rooted in family relations 77. EARLY CHINESE EMPERORS WITH NON-CONFUCIAN WORLDVIEWS Shi Huangdi (Qin dynasty) Empress Wu (Tang dynasty) 78. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE QIN AND HAN DYNASTIES Imperial authority was strong in the opening years of each 79. POLITICAL FOCUS OF HAN CHINA Sponsorship of scientific inquiry Maintenance of the Great Wall Grain requisition from the peasantry Suppression of banditry 80. CHARACTERISTICS OF DAOISM Emphasis on harmony with nature Balance and harmony Detachment from human af fairs (not a political threat to dynastic rule) 81. REASONS FOR THE HIGHER SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF THE CHINESE GENTRY Control or ownership of extensive farmland Ability to af ford preparation of gentry youth for civil service exams Durable positions as local tax collectors and intermediaries for the imperial center Ability to call in military resources of the imperial state to put down local peasant rebellions 82. HOW DID CHINESE IMPERIAL ELITES VIEW THEIR CIVILIZATION COMPARED TO THE REST OF THE WORLD? China was a unique and superior civilization surrounded by barbarians of one sort or another The “Middle Kingdom” 83. “FIVE BASIC RELATIONSHIPS” AS DEFINED BY CONFUCIUS Ruler-subject Father-son (parent-child) Friend-friend Husband-wife Older-younger brother 84. WHY HAS CONFUCIAN IDEOLOGY ENDURED THROUGHOUT CHINESE HISTORY? Its ability to model large -scale relations between groups in the body politic on familial or personal relationships Its ability to unify a massive imperial bureaucracy around a common set of moral precepts over time A set of widely agreed-on and accepted essential texts, beginning with the Analects, which formed a common basis for study over time Its exclusively Chinese origin, which meshed well with prevalent notions of the superiority of the “Middle Kingdom” over other civilizations 85. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONFUCIANISM AND HINDUISM Confucianism emphasized earthly obligations without regard to concerns relating to afterlife and birth Hinduism was based on it's caste system and hereditary in which the only way to better one's social position is to die with good karma. Confucianism's social hierarchy was based on the educational system and work ethic when it comes to determining a person's position. 86. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE ROMAN AND THE HAN DYNAST Y Both achieved long periods of centralized government and expanding economies Both became centers for artistic and scientific achievements Each built walls and maintained forts for defense spending a great deal of time, ef fort and money Both economies were based on agriculture but grew into wealthy urban empires Conflict between the wealthy and the peasants were common in both Both brought cultural unity to their lands 87. WHAT T YPES OF INDIVIDUALS ESTABLISHED CHINESE DYNASTIES? Military genius of peasant origin Regional feudal ruler who defeats rivals in battle Nomadic chieftan 88. THE FALL OF HAN CHINA COMPARED TO THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE Dynastic China would return to equal and even greater prominence 89. SIZE OF THE GUPTA COMPARED TO THE MAURYAN EMPIRES In terms of land space, the Mauryan Empire was larger than the Gupta Empire 90. SPARTA VS. ATHENS Athens placed a higher value on trade and luxuries than Sparta Athens was a democracy while Sparta was an oligarchy Sparta – mandatory military service Athens – more intellectual and cosmopolitan 91. WHY DID ROME GO TO WAR WITH CARTHAGE? To fight for control of the Mediterranean Sea since Carthage was the primary port city in North Africa 92. SOCIAL HIERARCHY IN CLASSICAL CHINA COMPARED TO CLASSICAL INDIA China Scholar-gentry Artisans and merchants Ordinary, but free, citizens The Underclass (bandits, beggars, and vagabonds) India Brahmins = priests and scholars Kshatriya = warriors and government officials Vaishya = landowners, merchants, and artisans Shudra = common peasants and laborers 93. WHAT ARE THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS? All of life is suf fering. All suf fering is caused by desire for things that ultimately won’t fulfill us Desire can only be overcome by ending all desire Desire can only be ended by following the Eightfold Path 94. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CONFUCIANISM The Five Basic Relationships Xiao = filial piety (devotion to family) Ren = kindness or benevolence Li = orderly rituals that demonstrate respect 95. CONNECTION BETWEEN TRADE AND THE SPREAD OF RELIGION Trade allowed both Christianity, Islam and Buddhism to flourish and migrate to other regions 96. INDIAN OCEAN TRADE NETWORK (REGIONS AFFECTED BY IT) Eastern Africa (Swahili coast) West coast of India East coast of India Southeast Asia 97. SLAVERY IN CLASSICAL SOCIETIES Slavery existed in China, but it was far less prominent than it was in Rome Slavery was central to the Roman economy Spartan helots provided agricultural labor Existed in India but not as extensively as Rome