Download Exam-Objectives

Exam Objectives
Exam #1
Session #1 (updated 1/10/2014)
1. What is behavioral pharmacology?
2. What is EAB? Discuss some of the features.
3. Discuss some of the events leading up to development of behavioral
pharmacology. (Pavlov, Zavadski, Thorndike, Watson, Skinner)
4. Explain and give examples of:
a. Behavioral loci of drug action
b. Mechanisms that are involved in a drug’s effect(s)
c. Behavioral mechanisms of drug action
d. Drug effects modulated by personal and pharmacological variables.
5. Explain how pole climbing was used as an animal model for screening antipsychotics.
6. Explain and give examples of the following (if you have questions about any of
these, ask in class)
a. Mult
b. Mix
c. Chain
d. Tandem
e. DRL (full session and IRT-based)
f. DRH
g. Conc
h. All simple schedules (ratio, interval, and time)
7. What is an operant? Give an example.
8. There are several factors that contributed to the rapid development of behavioral
pharmacology. Talk about them.
9. Give an example of respondent conditioning. What response measure(s) is (are)
used in respondent conditioning?
10. Explain Skinner and Heron’s study on the effects of caffeine on responding under
an FI 4’ schedule of access to food.
11. What are the 4 basic facts about drugs?
12. Explain the 2 factor theory of signaled avoidance. There is a handout on the
website to help you with this. Relate this to the pole climbing procedure.
13. Talk about the main point from the discussion on the Brelands.
14. What is a SSDR – how is this relevant to how quickly an organism will learn a
response to escape an aversive stimulus.
15. What is imprinting? Discuss the experiment that demonstrated that it is not a
released behavior, but an operant.
16. Explain what it means to inherit a “capacity to be reinforced” by various stimuli.
17. One concept is that we may have inherited the capacity to be affected by
respondent and operant conditioning. What are the implications of this? Give an
example.
Session #2 (Updated 1/7/2014!)
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6.
7.
What are the 4 ways of naming drugs? Be able to give examples.
What are 3 ways of classifying drugs?
Explain the 4 stages of pharmacokinetics.
Draw the route of administration graph using IV, IM, PO, and Subcu.
What is protein and depot binding?
What are 5 kinds of kinds of tolerance?
Explain linear (1st order) and nonlinear (0 order) kinetics. What is a T ½? Give
an example.
8. Given some data, draw a dose response curve with a continuous measure.
9. Given some data, draw a dose effect curve with a binary measure.
10. Be able to calculate and interpret a TI. Given a graph, interpret ED and LD data.
11. Explain with examples physical dependence and the withdrawal syndrome. Why
does the WD syndrome occur?
12. What is peak efficacy? Potency?
13. Show a graph that demonstrates peak efficacy and potency differences between 2
drugs.
14. What is psychoactive? Psychotropic?
15. What is psychological dependence?
Session #3 (Updated 1/24/14)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Diagram the different parts of the nervous system.
Be able to diagram a neuron, complete with ions (NA, CL, K, A, CA).
NA or ion pump
Depolarization vs hyperpolarization
a. Hint: Depolarization occurs when the neuron is stimulated, and an action
potential occurs. Hyperpolarization is when the neuron becomes less
likely to fire.
5. Explain how a neuron works, and include action vs resting potential.
6. Discuss some different kinds of neurotransmitters, and the lock and key analogy.
7. Discuss the 5 ways drugs can affect neurotransmission/neuronal activity.
8. What is the source of nicotine?
9. Profile nicotine with the following:
a. Routes of administration and absorption
b. Distribution
c. Biotransformation
d. Excretion
e. What is the T ½
f. TI
i. Note: This drug is not used therapeutically, but the effective dose
is around 1mg (or less) and lethal dose is 40-60 mg. So, estimate
the TI using these doses.
10. Know some of the various effects of nicotine.
11. What is the Nesbitt paradox? How might you explain it?
12. Explain the withdrawal syndrome with nicotine.
13. Discuss 3 theories of nicotine self-administration.
14. Tobacco chippers
15. Discuss the nicotine replacements.
16. Know what neurotransmitters are affected by nicotine administration, and what
the biphasic effect is.
17. What is the effect of nicotine on performance?
18. Know some of the health problem sequellae of nicotine use.
19. Explain why Zyban is used in the treatment of those attempting to stop cigarette
smoking.
20. Discuss the difference between excitatory and inhibitory synapses (see page 57-58
in McKim).
21. What is Chantix? How does it work?
22. What is an agonist? Antagonist? Partial agonist?
23. Explain what Zyban is, and why it might be important in reducing smoking.
24. What is a “black box warning?” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box_warning
- note that Chantix has received such a warning, as it carries significant risk of
serious, or even life-threatening, side effects. The same black box warning has
also been applied to Zyban.
25. Be able to explain, and demonstrate, the drug discrimination procedure we
implemented in class.
26.
Be able to explain, and demonstrate, a multiple schedule such as a Mult FI FR.
Exam 2
Session #5 (updated 2/7/2014)
1. Know the following about stimulants:
a. Kinds (natural vs synthetic)
b. Sources
c. Typical routes of administration
d. Distribution
e. Excretion
f. T ½ for cocaine vs amphetamines
g. What NTs are affected (include why cocaine has been used as a local
anesthetic).
h. Tolerance (both acute and chronic)
i. W/D syndrome
2. Relate high dose, chronic administrations of amphetamine to psychosis.
3. Describe the effects of the stimulants on:
a. Liver
b. Nasal passages
c. Heart & BP
d. Performance
4. What are some Txs for addiction to these kind of stimulants? (see book)
5. What is the cocaine sudden death syndrome?
6. What is punding?
7. Explain the clock test of vigilance.
8. Describe the procedures in the following assays:
a. Repeated acquisition
b. Reaction time
c. Schedule-controlled behavior (Mult FIFR)
d. FCN and FCN-SD
e. DMTS
f. Drug discrimination
g. Test for analgesic properties
9. Monoamines
10. Catecholamines
11. Know a couple of drugs used to treat ADHD.
Session 6 (updated2/14/2014)
1. Explain how acute and chronic studies are done.
2. Know the following about alcohol:
a. 3 common kinds of alcohol
b. Fermentation
c. Distillation
d. Typical routes of administration
e. Locus of absorption
f. Where distributed
g. How metabolized (include 1st pass)
h. Excretion
i. How the drug works on neurons and neurotransmitters.
j. How tolerance develops (metabolic, compensatory, behavioral)
k. W/D syndrome
3. Know the effects on:
a. Body
b. Perception
c. Performance
d. CNS (see Wernicke-Korsakoff)
e. Liver
f. Offspring (see FAS/FAE)
g. Heart
h. Immune system
4. Explain how disulfiram works to weaken alcohol use.
5. Explain the anti-punishment effects that alcohol has.
6. Explain the efforts to ban alcohol sales in this country (i.e., Prohibition) and the
results. When did this era end?
7. Explain some of the various hypotheses about the causes of alcoholism. What are
some treatments that are linked to each hypothesis?
8. What is the TI of alcohol, and why this is a problem?
9. Check out the use of the term “priming” in this chapter. Give an example of the
use of this procedure with reinforcers other than alcohol. Explain the behavioral
mechanism for why it might work.
10. What is “Oriental flushing?”
11. Caligula! Explain why some Romans showed signs of psychosis.
12. Be able to explain the compensatory reaction explanation of tolerance (e.g., using
the effect of hypothermia)
13. Explain the theory of SIB that involves the release of endorphins. Then, explain
the treatment and why it might work. What behavioral process might be involved
if the treatment is successful?
14. In vino veritas – be able to talk about this, and what kind of behavioral process
might be involved (hint: think about the anti-punishment effects)
15. Describe how the self control concept can be applied to excessive drinking of
alcohol.
Session #7 (updated 2/21/2014)
1. Explain the repeated acquisition procedure.
2. Know the following about caffeine
a. How administered & where it is absorbed
b. Distribution
c. T ½
d. Why the T ½ is lower in adults than newborns.
e. How excreted
f. What NTs are affected, and the role of Adenosine.
g. How tolerance develops (see up/down regulation)
h. The w/d syndrome and how long it lasts
i. The effects on benzodiazepine receptors in the body.
j. Effects on performance, blood vessels (brain and periphery), sports
activities
3. What are “turkey”drugs? Give an example.
4. What is caffeinism?
5. What are some measures in human behavioral pharmacology?
6. What are some limitations of doing drug studies with humans?
7. Discuss the repeated acquisition study in which the researchers investigated the
effects of alcohol and cocaine.
8. Set up a study using the titrating DMTS procedure. Be prepared to explain the
study that used it.
9. Explain the difference between single access and choice procedures in assaying
the reinforcing efficacy of 2 drugs or 2 doses of a drug (Kelley et al). Be able to
setup a study that does so. Which is a more sensitive assessment?
10. Setup a study that uses a PR schedule to study the relative reinforcing efficacy of
two or more drugs, or two or more doses of a single drug.
11. Check out a health risk of Mellaril: QTc prolongation. See:
http://www.psychatlanta.com/documents/mellaril.pdf
12. Overall, what are the health risks of caffeine consumption? Include risks to bone
density.
13. 3 kinds of methylxanthines and their sources.
14. Give examples of drugs functioning as motivational operations. Be able to
describe the study from the book that demonstrated the EO effects of damphetamine on social stimuli.
15. What is the author’s point about organizations such as ILSI?
16. What is the difference between a real experiment and a correlational study? (use a
between-subject design to explain the answer)
Exam 3
Session 9 (updated 3/22/2014)
1. Give examples of the drugs that have the following functions:
a. US
b. CS
c. SD
d. MO – both establishing and abolishing
e. Positive reinforcer
f. Negative reinforcer
g. Positive punisher
2. In #1, design an experiment that would demonstrate the functional properties
described therein.
3. What is state-dependent learning? Give an example.
4. What is the matching equation? Apply it to treating opiate addiction.
5. Discuss the source of natural opiates and its derivatives. Also know a couple of
synthetics, especially the prescribed drugs.
6. Explain the following for opiates:
a. Route of administration
b. Absorption
c. Distribution
d. Excretion
e. T ½
f. Mechanism of action
g. Site of action
h. Health risks
7. Explain the fact that some opiates have different affinities for, and effects on, the
opiate receptors.
8. What is a partial agonist? Antagonist? Agonist?
9. What are some effects of opiates on the body and physiology?
10. Discuss the w/d syndrome that follows abrupt termination of an opiate.
11. Explain the tolerance process, and whether all effects diminish with chronic use.
12. Explain the British System. Be prepared to comment on how this differs from our
system, whether it has some advantages or disadvantages.
13. Talk about methadone maintenance, and how it works.
14. What is LAAM?
15. How are antagonists drugs used in treating addiction? What precedes the use of
these drugs?
16. Explain Siegel’s theory of morphine tolerance.
17.
Give some characteristics of substance use disorder (just know a few, as there are
11 of them)
Session 10 (updated 3/22/2014)
1. What is conditioned suppression? Give the experimental procedure and an
applied example.
2. What is the difference between anxiolytics and sedative-hypnotics in terms of
how long they last? How are they used?
3. Know the following about the anxiolytics:
a. Route of administration
b. Absorption
c. Distribution
d. Metabolism
e. Excretion (the biphasic excretion phenomenon)
f. Effects of alcohol consumption on benzodiazepines.
4. Explain how the benzodiazepines and barbiturates affect the GABA ionophore.
Why are fatalities from the former very unusual?
5. Do the benzodiazepines produce tolerance? Give some details.
6. Effects of benzodiazepines.
7. Explain the Geller & Seifter procedure and its use as a screening procedure.
8. What is the W/D syndrome of the benzodiazepines?
9. What are the Z drugs? What are they used for?
10. What is Rohypnol?
11. What are the 2 kinds of psychoses? Name some characteristics of schizophrenia.
12. Talk about the 2 kinds of anti-psychotics and the side effect profile. Be able to
name a couple of drugs in each class.
13. Know the following about anti-psychotics:
b.
Absorption/Administration
c.
Distribution
d.
Metabolism
e.
Excretion
f.
T½
g.
TI
13. Give a brief explanation (e.g., fast-off theory) of why the typicals have more
motor side effects than the atypicals.
14. Know the following about antipsychotics:
a. Tolerance?
b. W/D ?
c. Subjective effects
d. Abuse potential
e. Effects on sexual activity - think about what kind of behavior problems
might obtain
15. Kinds of EPS
16. What are some other uses for the anti-psychotics.
17. Iatrogenic!
18. Teratogen
Session 11 (Updated 3/28/2014)
1. What is the relationship between a drug effect and the degree of stimulus control
over behavior? (i.e., is behavior more likely, or less likely, to be disrupted by a
drug if it is strongly controlled by a stimulus?)
2. Describe some pharmacological variables that might influence drug effects.
3. Describe some personal variables that might influence drug effects.
4. Give an example drug effects that depend on the type of antecedent stimuli that
are used.
5. Describe an example of behavioral tolerance.
6. Give an example of drug effects that depend on the response form being studied.
7. Give an example of a drug effect that depends on the consequence for the
behavior under study.
8. What is a rate dependent effect? Give an example.
9. Describe the procedure and results of the study by Hughes et al. Note the use of
rules in this study.
10. What are the 1st generation and 2nd generation anti-depressants?
11. Provide some characteristics of major depression.
12. What are some causes of depression?
13. What is mania? Bipolar?
14. What is the monoamine theory of depression?
15. What is the SE view of depression?
16. What is the neurogenesis theory of depression? What is the apparent effect of
stress on the size of the hippocampus?
17. What are some factors that enhance neurogenesis? Interfere with neurogenesis?
18. What is an SNRI?
19. Know in general how the MAOIs, SSRIs, and SNRIs work.
20. Know, in general, the fate of the antidepressants.
21. The author discusses the reason why anti-depressants take 2 weeks to act, despite
the fact that the effect on the monoamines is immediate. What is the current
explanation that involve autoreceptors? What about the explanation that appeals
to neurogenesis?
22. With respect to the MAOIs, what is orthostatic hypotension? What is the deal
with tyrosine?
23. In general, what are some side effects of the antidepressants?
24. What is the serotonin syndrome?
25. What is the dangerous side effect of the TCAs?
26. Serendipity!
27. Iatrogenic!
28. Describe the 3 kinds of interaction between 2 variables. Given an example, be
able to provide predictions of the resulting effect.
Final Objectives (updated 4/11/14)
1. Using the drug table, be able to profile all of the drug classes described therein.
Include 2 commonly used drugs, effects, w/d syndrome, how the drugs work (i.e.,
what NTs are affected), and interesting information from the last column
(Treatment/Pertinent information)
2. Be able to describe the following procedures:
a. Repeated acquisition
b. DMTS
c. FCN
d. Reaction time
e. Schedule controlled behavior
f. Test of analgesia
3. What are the 4 stages of pharmacokinetics? Use a drug class to explain this.
4. What are the 3 kinds of drug interactions? (super, additive, infra)
5. What is the difference between 1st order and 0 order kinetics?
6. What are the 4 basic facts about drugs?
7. Draw the route of administration graph that shows blood levels as a function of
route.
8. Draw a dose response curve.
9. What is TI, ED, and LD?
10. Explain how a neuron works. Use a diagram.
11. Examples of drugs that have the following effects:
a. US
b. SD
c. MO
d. Positive reinforcer
e. Negative reinforcer
f. Positive punisher
12. Describe state dependent learning
13. Describe some of the pharmacological variables and personal characteristics that
can influence a drug effect.
14. Give an example of how a drug’s effect might depend on:
a. The kind of antecedent stimulus used
b. The response topography studied
c. The consequence maintaining the behavior under study
15. What are the 4 kinds of tolerance?
16. EPS – discuss some kinds
17. NT theories of depression and psychosis, and how drugs affect these conditions.
18. Neurogenic theory of depression
19. Matching law and predictions therefrom.
20. Explain some treatment options for drug abuse (recall also the use of antagonists
and antagonist/agonist options from the opiate section) that are linked to the
function of drug consumption.
21. Be able to design a chronic or acute study that investigates drug effects.
22. Peak efficacy and potency
23. 3 models of drug abuse and what treatment options follow from each. Include
some variables that explain drug use in the behavioral model.
24. What are at least 2 ways of assaying the reinforcing value of a drug?
25. 5 ways that drugs can affect neurotransmission
26. Endorphin theory of SIB and resulting treatment thereof.
27. 2 general kinds of seizures, and 1 example/description of each.
28. In addition to meds, describe another 3 treatments for seizures.
29. Describe the difference between a within-subject and between-subject study.
30. What is rate-dependent drug effects?
31. What is priming?
32. What are the Z drugs? For what are they used?
33. Know the following about steroids
a. What are anabolic steroids?
b. What are some immediate effects of using anabolic steroids?
c. What are the long-term health sequellae of using anabolic steroids?
d. What are corticoid steroids?
e. What are the sex hormones (male & female)?
f. Difference between androgenic and anabolic?
34. What is behavioral pharmacology?
35. Be able to draw a dose response curve with some hypothetical data.
36. Explain the following:
a. Agonist
b. Antagonist
c. Partial agonist
37. Hyponatremia
38. Elucidate the role of a behavior analyst in interfacing with psychiatrists who
monitor a person’s meds.
39. What is a sensitive measure?
40. PND – percentage of overlapping data
41. Serendipty! Caligula!
42. Explain epigenetics and its role in modifying the genome.
43. What is methylation?
44. Explain the experiment with the agouti mouse.
45. We discussed the following syndromes. Pick a couple and know the name, cause,
and characteristics.
a. Down syndrome
b. Williams syndrome
c. Angelman syndrome
d. Klinefelter syndrome
e. Cri-du-chat
46. Explain the relation between DNA, genes, and chromosomes
47. Explain the general process of meiosis (see the amoeba girls)