Download Meteorology

Page 1
the state or condition of the variables of the
atmosphere for a given period of time.
sun
Page 1
low lat.
1
mid lat.
high lat.
2
1.5
uneven heating
weather
Page 2
temperature
wind (speed and direction)
moisture (precipitation and humidity)
air pressure
barometer
air pressure
Page 2
sling psychrometer
relative humidity
rain gauge
rainfall
Page 3
wind/weather vane
anemometer
wind direction
wind speed
thermometer
temperature
ASOS
Automated Surface
Observation Station
•Basic reports:
•Temperature
•Wind
•Precipitation
•Visibility
•Cloud cover
•Pressure
•Located at 900+ airports
•Speed dial it!
•Used by
•National Weather Service
•Federal Aviation
Administration
•Department of Defense
Pages 3 & 4
nitrogen
oxygen
argon
carbon dioxide
other gases
helium, hydrogen, ozone
krypton, neon, xenon
water vapor
dust particles
Page 4
hydrogen
helium
Heterosphere
oxygen
N + O2 + other gases
Homosphere
14
Page 5
THERMOSPHER
mesopause
MESOSPHERE
stratosphere
STRATOSPHERE
tropopause
TROPOSPHERE
-90
-55
0
32
15
60
Name
DO NOWS: Meteorology
Do Now
Layers of the Atmosphere
1. In which layer(s) does the temperature decrease with an increase in
altitude?
2. Which layer contains ozone?
3. What is the avg. temperature in °F at the stratopause?
4. At what altitude (in km) does the thermosphere begin?
5. In which layer does weather happen?
Page 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Reflected by aerosals (dust particles, water droplets)
Reflected by clouds
Reflected by Earth’s surface
Absorbed by clouds
Absorbed by Earth’s surface
Absorbed by ozone, water vapor and dust
6%
20%
4%
3%
51%
16%
Page 7
Conduction
The transfer of heat by the collision of molecules.
Occurs bests in solids: -molecules are the closest together
-solids are the most dense
Page 7
Convection
The transfer of heat by actual movement of the heated fluid.
Occurs best in liquids and gases.
Page 8
Radiation
The transfer of heat by wave motion, through air (tranparent
material) or a vacuum (space).
Page 8
13
212
100
Reference Tables
98
37
68
20
32
0
Page 9
Angle
Duration
Land
Water
Land heats AND cools faster than water.
Page 9
Color
black/dark
white/light
Dark heats faster than light
Texture
smooth
rough
Rough surfaces heat faster than smooth surfaces
Page 10
D. Mapping a Temperature Field
1. Isotherms are lines that connect points of equal temperature
Current Temp. Map
Page 10
Richmond
Hatteras
closest together
Gradient = change in field value
change in distance
= 60º-40º F
250 mi
=
.08
=
ºF
mi
20º F
250 mi
Page 11
Heat affects the body –
When your body is
overheated, the additional
stress can cause medical
problems
a. Your body’s thermostat,
the hypothalmus
determines that the body is
too warm.
b. Sweating increases in
an effort to carry heat from
deep inside the body to
the surface of the skin.
c. If water lost by sweating
are not replaced,
dehydration and heat
exhaustion can result
d. High humidity can
interfere with the evaporation
process that carries away
large amounts of heat
Page 12
precipitation
condensation
transpiration
absorption
infiltration
runoff
evaporation
Page 12
sun
Transpiration
Precipitation
rain
snow
hail
sleet
Types of Precipitation
Rain
Freezing Rain
Sleet
Snow
Freezing rain
Ice Storm (December 2008)
½ inch ice accumulation in Capital District
Seven states affected
1.7 million customers without power for days
Sleet
Hail
Aurora, NE (June 2003)
Largest hailstone ever recorded:
Diameter: 7 inches
Circumference: 18.75 inches
Weight: ~1 lb
B. Changes in State
"Phases changes of water" song
liquid changing to a gas
2260 Joules
1 gram
liquid water to water vapor
cooling
2260 J/g
evaporation
Page 13
Page 13
B. Changes in State
Water vapor changing into
a liquid
reveal
clouds
dew/fog/frost
2260 J/g
evaporation
condensation
2260 J/g
Page 13
B. Changes in State
solid changing to a liquid
334 Joules
1 gram
ice changing to liquid water
cooling
334 J/g
melting
2260 J/g
evaporation
condensation
2260 J/g
Page 13
B. Changes in State
liquid changing to a solid
release
334 J/g
melting
freezing
334 J/g
2260 J/g
evaporation
condensation
2260 J/g
Pgs. 13 & 14
B. Changes in State
solid changing directly to a gas
moth balls
dry ice (CO2)
gas changing directly to a solid
sublimation 2954 J/g
334 J/g
melting
freezing
334 J/g
2260 J/g
evaporation
condensation
2260 J/g
deposition 2954 J/g
Page 14
ocean
lakes, rivers, soil, plants
gas
liquid
solid
Page 14
Humidity
amount of water vapor in the air
Temperature
increases
increases
35 grams
Page 15
When air holds as much water vapor
as it can at a certain temperature
evaporation
evaporation
condensation
evaporation
Equilibrium
condensation
saturated
Page 15
Temperature
Humidity
Wind
Surface Area
Temp.
Humidity
As temp. increases,
rate of evaporation increases
As humidity increases,
rate of evaporation decreases
As wind increases,
rate of evaporation increases
As surface area increases,
rate of evaporation increases
Wind
Surface Area
Page 16
Dew Point Temp.
the temp. to which air must
be cooled to reach saturation
Page 16
faster/more
greater/more
greater/more
less
less
smaller
zero
Page 17
12
19° 5° 10° 10° -7° 3°
17°
Page 17
Relative Humidity
The ratio (comparison)
between the actual amount of water vapor the
air can hold at a given temp.
25%
50%
100%
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Pgs. 17 & 18
If temp. increases, and moisture in the
air remains the same, relative humidity
decreases
coolest time
of day – 5:00 a.m.
warmest time
of day – 3:00 p.m.
Page 18
25%
50%
100%
Water
Relative Humidity
If moisture content of the air increases,
remains the same, relative humidity will
increase
(3) Determine the relative humidity for the following data:
12
51% 74% 33% 83% 70% 100% 39%
Page 18
Page 18
moisture in the air
cooling temperatures
dust particles or
“condensation nuclei”
Pages 18 & 19
moisture in the air
cooling temperatures
dust particles or
“condensation nuclei”
aerosols in the atmosphere
which provide a surface for water molecules
to condense on
water molecule
Page 19
condensation nuclei
cleans the air
rises
expands
cooler
dew pt. temp.
condense
cloud
Cloud types
cirrus
strata
cumulus
alto
nimbus
Page 20
Page 20
1
2
3
5
4
10
6
9
7
8
Page 21
Cirrus
Cirrostratus
Cirrocumulus
Altostratus
Altocumulus
Stratocumulus
Stratus
Nimbostratus
Cumulus
Cumulonimbus
Page 21
the body doesn’t cool- feels warmer
105ºF
Page 22
gravity
weight
Air pressure
less
more
Page 22
in all directions
AIR
20,000 mi
14.7 lbs/in2
MERCURY
30 inches
14.7 lbs/in2
Page 23
B. Measuring Air Pressure
mercury
(1) ______________
barometer
29.92
inches
AIR
aneroid
(2) ______________
barometer
76 cm
760 mm
PRESSURE
Dish of Mercury
3. Units for measuring air pressure
inches (of mercury)
______________________
=
millibars
______________________
Page 24
13
one atmosphere
29.92 in.
1013.2 mb
29.44 in
1021 mb
29.71 in
29.00 in
1000 mb
1023 mb
30.09 in
Page 24
temperature
moisture
altitude
temperature
As air temperature increases, the air pressure
decreases (air molecules move farther apart;
become less dense)
Crushed can demo
Page 25
moisture
DRY
Water vapor
humid
air
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
more dense
less dense
Page 25
the air pressure
decreases because when water vapor
molecules enter the air, they replace
heavier air molecules.
Page 26
altitude
Low
Medium
High
1013 mb
Page 26
As altitude increases, air pressure decreases
(less air is above AND the air is less dense)
ESRT p. 14
Page 27
Air Pressure in a Nerf gun
Isobars
the
4 mb
Page 27
Practice conversions
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
146 = 1014.6 mb
695 = 969.5 mb
758 = 975.8 mb
421 = 1042.1 mb
000 = 1000.0 mb
(6) 1031.4 = 314
(7) 993.7 = 937
1005.3 mb
Page 28
H
L
Page 29
Bill Nye explains wind
the horizontal movement of air parallel to the
Earth’s surface
uneven heating of Earth’s surface
land
poles
dark forest
water
Equator
snow field
Sea and Land Breezes
Page 29
SEA
more dense
less dense
LOW
HIGH
COOL
WARM
LAND
less dense
more dense
LOW
WARM
HIGH
COOL
Page 30
high
low
rotation
right
northern
left
southern
Coriolis Effect
Coriolis Effect on the playground
HIGH
-cool temps
-dry, clear weather
LOW
-warm temps
-wet, stormy weather
Page 30
clockwise
high pressure system
low pressure system
counter clockwise
Page 31
Activity: On the map on page 28,
•For each station model, extend the shaft of the wind arrow and draw the arrow
head to show the direction the wind is blowing
•Draw larger arrows to show the general direction of airflow
H
L
difference in
air pressure
Difference in air pressure
between two places
As the pressure gradient increases, wind speed
increases
Current Surface Map
Page 32
Near Holland
Near Holland
Page 32
Non-rotating
Coriolis Effect
14
High
Polar easterlies
Low
Prevailing
westerlies
High
NE trade
winds
Low
SE trade
winds
High
Prevailing
westerlies
Low
High
Polar easterlies
Page 34
Air mass
temperature
moisture
pressure
A geographic region where
an air mass forms.
tropical
polar
arctic
equatorial
continental
dry
maritime
wet
High temps.
Low temps.
Very cold (dry)
Page 34
cP
Continental polar
Cold and dry
mT
Maritime tropical
Warm and moist
cT
Continental tropical
Hot and dry
mP
Maritime polar
Cool and moist
Page 35
mP
mP
cP
mT
cT
mT
Air
Masses
mT
Page 35
front
a boundary between air masses
cold
warm
stationary
Types of Fronts
Page 36
COLD
a narrow band of heavy rain preceding the cold front
cumulus
altostratus
cirrus
cumulonimbus
PROFILE
Cold air
MAP
Chicago
rises
expands
cools
condenses
Warm air
Coxsackie
Page 37
WARM
A wide band of light precipitation precedes a warm front
cirrus
cirrostratus
altostratus
PROFILE
Warm air
MAP
Chicago
nimbostratus
Cold air
Coxsackie
Page 38
Regions on Earth where air rises, expands, cools (to the
dewpoint temperature), condenses, clouds & precipitation
Windward
condenses
prevailing
westerlies
sinks
cools
compresses
expands
warms
rises
Pacific
Spokane
DRY, HOT
Seattle
WET, COOL
Orographic Effect
Page 38
Doldrums
condenses
14
cools
expands
rises
WET
DRY
Tropical
rainforests
DRY
World Climate Zones
Page 39
Low
condenses
cools
expands
rises
Page 39
front
Cold and Warm Fronts
Page 39
sinking
compressing
warming
leeward side of a mountain
horse latitudes
high pressure systems
1
457
everyday
years
Page 40
Current surface map
Do Now: Station Models (4/12/10)
What does the station model tell you about the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Temperature
Dew point
Cloud cover
Air pressure (mb)
Barometric trend
Visibility
Current weather
Wind direction
Wind speed (knots)
Precipitation (inches)
¼
25
948
*
- 30 /
0.2
24
Page 40
All storms in the U.S. track toward the northeast
Page 41
the
Page 42
cP
cP
mT
Synoptic Weather Map
A map that describes
current weather and is
used for prediction
Page 43
Page 44
-fall/winter
-caused by winds
rises
Plateau – flat, horizontal bedrock
at high elevation
Storm animations