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Earth/Moon as seen from Mars Bit of Administration …. • Homeworks – Bless, pp. 105-139 – BNSV, pp. 70-83 • Observing Lab – Nice Work on Lab 1 ! – Start Lab 2 on Saturday • Timing Matters! • 10 minutes every clear night for two weeks M V S J E M S Not to scale! The Transition to A Heliocentric Cosmology • Copernicus – – – – – – – 1500 AD Daily Motion due to Earth Rotation Solar Motion due to Earth Revolution Prograde Motion of Moon and Planets due to their Orbital Motion Retrograde Motion Maximum Elongations of Mercury and Venus Stars Very Far Away - No Parallax Geometric Distances to the Planets Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Copernicus 0.38 0.72 1.00 1.52 5.22 9.07 Modern 0.39 0.72 1.00 1.52 5.07 9.54 Distances Measured in Astronomical Units M V S J E M S Not to scale! The Transition to A Heliocentric Cosmology • Copernicus 1500 AD – Daily Motion due to Earth Rotation – Solar Motion due to Earth Revolution – Prograde Motion of Moon and Planets due to their Orbital Motion – Retrograde Motion – Maximum Elongations of Mercury and Venus – Stars Very Far Away - No Parallax – Geometric Distances to the Planets – Non-Uniform Motion of Sun, Moon and Planets • Retained Uniform Circular Motion, thus required Hipparchus’ epicyles! Hipparchus Summer Winter Copernicus Summer Winter The Transition to A Heliocentric Cosmology • Copernicus – – – – – – – 1500 AD Daily Motion due to Earth Rotation Solar Motion due to Earth Revolution Prograde Motion of Moon and Planets due to their Orbital Motion Retrograde Motion Maximum Elongations of Mercury and Venus Geometric Distances to the Planets (example for Venus) Star Very Far Away • No observed parallax – Non-Uniform Motion of Sun, Moon and Planets In the 1500’s, the Copernican system did not predict positions better than the highly refined Ptolemaic system The Copernicans had no proof arguments were aesthetic and philosophical The Triumph of Heliocentric Cosmology • Galileo – Siderius Nuncius (Star Messenger) 1600 AD 1610 The Triumph of Heliocentric Cosmology • Galileo – Siderius Nuncius (Star Messenger) 1600 AD 1610 – Application of the Telescope • Revolutionary impact of new technology The Triumph of Heliocentric Cosmology • Galileo 1600 AD – Siderius Nuncius (Star Messenger) 1610 – Moon • Craters, mountains, valleys – Earth-like, not perfect or celestial The Triumph of Heliocentric Cosmology • Galileo 1600 AD – Siderius Nuncius (Star Messenger) 1610 – Moon • Craters, mountains, valleys – Earth-like, not perfect or celestial – Sun • Sunspots • Rotation QuickTime™ and a YUV4 20 code c d eco mpre ssor are n eede d to see thi s pi ctu re. The Triumph of Heliocentric Cosmology • Galileo 1600 AD – Siderius Nuncius (Star Messenger) 1610 – Moon • Craters, mountains, valleys – Earth-like, not perfect or celestial – Sun • Sunspots • Rotation – Saturn • Not spherical • I discovered another very strange wonder, which I should like to make known to their Highnesses . . . , keeping it secret, however, until the time when my work is published . . . . the star of Saturn is not a single star, but is a composite of three, which almost touch each other, never change or move relative to each other, and are arranged in a row along the zodiac, the middle one being three times larger than the lateral ones, and they are situated in this form: oOo The Triumph of Heliocentric Cosmology • Galileo 1600 AD – Siderius Nuncius (Star Messenger) 1610 – Moon • Craters, mountains, valleys – Earth-like, not perfect or celestial – Sun • Sunspots • Rotation – Saturn • Not spherical – Milky Way • Knowledge unknown to ancients or naked eye The Triumph of Heliocentric Cosmology • Galileo 1600 AD – Siderius Nuncius (Star Messenger) 1610 – Moon • Craters, mountains, valleys – Earth-like, not perfect or celestial – Sun • Sunspots • Rotation – Saturn • Not spherical – Milky Way • Knowledge unknown to ancients or naked eye – Jupiter’s Moons • Microcosm of Copernican Solar System The Triumph of Heliocentric Cosmology • Galileo 1600 AD – Siderius Nuncius (Star Messenger) 1610 – Moon • Craters, mountains, valleys – Earth-like, not perfect or celestial – Sun • Sunspots • Rotation – Milky Way • Knowledge unknown to ancients or naked eye – Jupiter’s Moons • Microcosm of Copernican Solar System The Triumph of Heliocentric Cosmology • Galileo 1600 AD – Siderius Nuncius (Star Messenger) 1610 – Moon • Craters, mountains, valleys – Earth-like, not perfect or celestial – Sun • Sunspots • Rotation – Saturn • Not spherical – Milky Way • Knowledge unknown to ancients or naked eye – Jupiter’s Moons • Microcosm of Copernican Solar System – Phases of Venus • Unexplainable in Ptolemaic System Venus Phases Copernicus Ptolemy ConcepTest! The Earth would be seen to have phases from a life form on A) Mercury B) Mars C) The Sun D) No planet in the Solar System Earth/Moon as seen from Mars The Triumph of Heliocentric Cosmology • Galileo 1600 AD – Siderius Nuncius (Star Messenger) 1610 Galileo too did not abandon Uniform Circular Motion, and did not embrace his contemporary Kepler Galileo’s Problems with the Church were Self-Generated A Dialog Concerning the Two Chief Worlds The Triumph of Heliocentric Cosmology • Tycho Brahe 1575 AD – Finest observer since Hipparchus • Discovered Nova Stella (“new star”) – Changes in the heavens • Showed Comet to be 6x further than Moon – Not atmospheric – “Shattered the crystalline spheres” • Couldn’t Detect Stellar Parallax – Rejected Copernicus! • Made Extensive Precise Measurements of Planetary Positions The Triumph of Heliocentric Cosmology • Tycho Brahe 1575 AD – Finest observer since Hipparchus • Discovered Nova Stella (“new star”) – Changes in the heavens • Showed Comet to be 6x further than Moon – Not atmospheric – “Shattered the crystalline spheres” • Couldn’t Detect Stellar Parallax – Rejected Copernicus! • Made Extensive Precise Measurements of Planetary Positions • Did not abandon Uniform Circular Motion The Triumph of Heliocentric Cosmology • Kepler 1600 AD – Primacy of (Tycho Brahe’s) observations – Physical machine that mimics the skies precisely Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion 1. The Orbits of the Planets are Ellipses with the Sun at One Focus ConcepTest! Which of the following orbits has the smallest eccentricity? A) B) D) All have the same eccentricity. C) ConcepTest! Which of the following orbits has the smallest semi-major axis? A) B) D) All have the same semi-major axis. C) The Orbits of the Planets are Ellipses with the Sun at One Focus Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion 2. The Line Joining The Sun and A Planet Sweeps Out Equal Areas in Equal Times 30 days 30 days The Line Joining The Sun and A Planet Sweeps Out Equal Areas in Equal Times Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion 3. The Square of a Planet’s Period (P in Years) Equals the Cube of the Semi-Major Axis of its Orbit (A in AU) P2 = A3 P2=A3 A 1