Download Plant Structure and Function Notes Outline

Name _______________________________________
Date__________ Block _______
Plant Structure and Function Notes
Tissues
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A plant’s body is made of _____________ that form _____________.
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In vascular plants, there are three types of tissue systems.
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_______________ Tissue System
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Forms the protective outer layer of a plant.
________________ Tissue System
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Makes up much of the inside of the nonwoody parts of a plant, including _________,
__________, and leaves
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________________ Tissue System
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Forms strands that conduct water, minerals and organic compounds throughout a
__________ plant.
Dermal Tissue System
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____________ tissue covers the outside of a plant’s body.
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In the non-woody parts of a plant, dermal tissue forms a “skin” called
the _____________________.
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The epidermis of most plants is made up of a single layer of flat cells.
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A waxy __________, which prevents water loss, coats the epidermis of the stems and leaves.
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Often the cells of the epidermis have ________-like extensions or other sructures.
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Extensions of the epidermal cells on leaves and stems often help to ________ water _______.
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Extensions of the epidermal cells on root tips help increase water ________________.
The dermal tissue on woody stems and roots consists of several layers of dead cells that are referred to
as ____________.
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Cork cells contain a ___________________ chemical and are not covered by a waxy
_____________.
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In addition to ________________, dermal tissue also functions in gas exchange and in the
______________ of mineral nutrients.
Ground Tissue System
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_______________ tissue makes up much of the inside of most
plants.
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Most ground tissue consists of thin-walled cells that remain
alive and keep their ____________ after they mature.
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Some ground tissue contains some thick-walled cells.
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Ground tissue has different ______________, depending on
where it is located in a plant.
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The ground tissue in leaves, which is packed with chloroplasts is specialized for
_________________________.
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The ground tissue in stems and roots functions mainly in the storage of ________, sugar, and
_________.
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Throughout the ______________ of a plant, ground tissue also surrounds and supports the third kind of
plant tissue – ______________ tissue.
Vascular Tissue System
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Plants have two kinds of vascular tissue.
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_____________ and ______________.
Both xylem and phloem contain strands of cells that are stacked
end to end and act like tiny __________.
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These strands of cells act as a plumbing system, carrying
______________ and dissolved substances throughout a plant’s body.
Xylem
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___________ has thick-walled cells that conduct _________ and mineral nutrients from a plant’s roots
through its stems to its leaves.
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The conducting cells in xylem must lose their cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm before they can
conduct _______.
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At maturity, all that is left of these left is their cell walls.
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One type of xylem cell found in all vascular plants is called a __________.
Phloem
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_______________ contains cells that conduct sugars and other ______________ throughout a plant’s
body.
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The conducting cells of phloem have a cell wall a cell membrane and cytoplasm.
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These cells either _________ organelles or have _______________ organelles.
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The conducting strands in phloem are called __________ tubes.
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_________ in the walls between neighboring sieve-tube cells connect the cytoplasms and allow
substances to pass freely from cell to cell.
Plant Cells and Tissues
Plant Tissue
Cell Types
_______________ Tissue
Epidermal cells, Guard cells, Cork cells
_______________ Tissue
Mesophyll cells, Cortex cells, Pith cells
_______________ Tissue
Xylem, Phloem
Roots
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Most plants are anchored to the spot where they grow by _________, which
also ___________ water and mineral nutrients.
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In many plants, _________ also function in the ______________ of organic
nutrients, such as sugar and starch.
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Many dicots, such as carrots and radishes, have a large ___________ root
from which much smaller roots branch.
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This type of root system is called a ________________ system.
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Most monocots such as grasses have a highly ____________,
_____________ root system.
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Some plants have roots that grow from aboveground stems or leaves.
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These roots are called _____________________ roots.
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The prop roots of corn and the areal roots of orchids are examples of
adventitious roots.
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A _________ has a central core of vascular tissue that is surrounded by
ground tissue.
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The ground tissue surrounding the vascular tissue is called the __________.
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Roots are covered by __________ tissue.
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An epidermis covers all of a root except for the root ______.
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The epidermal cells just behind a root tip often produce root
_________, which are slender projections of the cell membrane.
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Root hairs greatly increase the _____________ ___________ of
a root and its ability to absorb water and mineral nutrients.
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A mass of cells called the root ______ covers and protects the
actively growing root tip.
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Many plants have __________ that become __________ as they get ________.
Stems
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The ______________ of most plants consist of stems and leaves.
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_____________ support the __________ and house the vascular tissue, which
transports substances between the roots and the leaves.
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Many plants have stems that are __________________ for other functions.
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Stems of _______________ store water.
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_____________ are stems that are specialized for nutrient storage and
for asexual reproduction.
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Leaves are attached to a stem at points called ___________.
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The space between two nodes is called an ____________________.
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_____________ that can grow into new branches are also located at the nodes on a stem.
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Other features of a stem depend on whether the stem is __________ or non-woody.
Nonwoody Stems
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A plant with stems that are flexible and usually green is called an ___________________ plant.
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Herbaceous plants include violets clovers, and grasses.
The stems of herbaceous plants contain bundles of xylem and phloem called vascular
________________.
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Herbaceous stems are covered by an _________________.
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______________ in the epidermis enable the stems to exchange
_________ with the outside air.
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The vascular bundles are surrounded by _____________ tissue.
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In ____________ stems, such as that of corn the vascular bundles
are _________________ in the ground tissue.
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In ___________ stems, the vascular bundles are arranged in a
_________.
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The ground tissue outside the ring of vascular bundles is
called the ______________.
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The ground tissue inside the ring is called the ___________.
Woody Stems
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Trees and shrubs such as pines, oaks, roses, and hollies have ____________ stems.
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Woody stems are stiff and nongreen.
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_________, which produce new growth, are found at the tips and at
the nodes.
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They exchange gasses through ____________ in their bark.
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A young woody stem has a central core of _______ and a ring of
vascular bundles, which fuse into solid cylinders as the stem
matures.
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Layers of ______________ form the innermost cylinder and are the
major component of wood
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A cylinder of ___________ lies outside the cylinder of ___________.
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Woody stems are covered by ____________, which protects them from physical damage and helps
prevent water loss.
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Together, the layers of cork and phloem make up the _______ of a woody stem.
Leaves
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________________ are the primary photosynthetic organs of plants.
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Most leaves have a flattened portion, called the __________, that is often attached to a stem by a stalk
called the _____________.
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A leaf blade may be divided into two or more sections called ______________.
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Leaves with an undivided blade are called _____________ leaves.
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Leaves with two or more leaflets are called _______________ leaves.
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Many plants have highly _______________ leaves that are
specialized for particular purposes.
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The ___________ of a cactus and the __________ of a garden
pea are modified leaves.
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Cactus spines are specialized for ____________ and water
conservation, while garden-pea tendrils are specialized for _________.
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A leaf is a mass of _____________ tissue and _____________ tissue covered by epidermis.
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A _____________ coats the upper and lower epidermis.
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Both xylem and phloem are found in the __________ of a leaf.
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____________ are extensions of vascular bundles that run from the tips of roots to the edges of leaves.
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In leaves, the ground tissue is called ______________________.
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Mesophyll cells are packed with _________________, where photosynthesis occurs.
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The ___________________ in chloroplasts makes leaves look green.
Leaves
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Most plants have leaves with two layers of _______________.
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One or more rows of closely packed columnar cells make up
the ______________ layer, which lies just beneath the upper
epidermis.
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A layer of loosely packed, spherical cells, called the
_____________ layer, lies between the palisade layer and the
lower epidermis.
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The ___________ layer has many air spaces through which _________ can travel.
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____________, the tiny holes in the epidermis connect the air spaces to the outside air.
Movement of Water in Plants
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_________ and mineral nutrients move up from a plant’s roots to its leaves through ____________.
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Water is pulled up through a plant as it evaporates from the plant’s leaves.
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The surface of leaves are coved with many tiny pores, the ____________.
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When the stomata are ___________, water vapor diffuses out of a leaf.
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This loss of water vapor from a plant is called __________________.
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In most plants more than _____% of the water taken in by the roots is ultimately lost through
transpiration.
Movement of Organic Compounds in Plants
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_______________ compounds move throughout a plant within the _________.
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Botanists use the term __________ to refer to a part of a plant that provides organic compounds for
other parts of the plant.
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A ____________ is a source because it makes starch during photosynthesis.
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A ____________ that stores sugar is also a source.
Botanists use the term __________ to refer to a part of a plant that organic compounds are delivered
to.
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Actively growing parts such as root tips and developing fruits are examples of ________.
The movement of organic compounds within a plant from a source to a sink is called
____________________.
Translocation
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The movement of organic compounds in a plant is more
_____________ than the movement of water for three reasons.
1. Water flows ____________ through empty xylem cells, but
organic compounds must pass through the cytoplasm of living
phloem cells.
2. Water only moves up in _____________, while organic
compounds move in all directions in _____________.
3. Water can ___________ through cell membranes but organic
compounds cannot.