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Connections Between Grazing Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Management Objectives Monitoring Use of PFC • Helps identify some objectives • May help focus/reduce monitoring PFC is the minimum condition required for sustaining resource production. Natural Riparian Resources Resources Vegetation Soil, Landscape Water Water Proper Functioning Condition Adequate vegetation, landform or large woody debris present to: to: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Dissipate Dissipate stream energy energy Reduce Erosion Filter sediment Capture bedload Aid floodplain development Improve floodwater retention and groundwater recharge Develop root masses that stabilize streambanks T O ● ● P R O V I D E ● ● Improved water quality Diverse ponding and channel characteristics Habitat for fish & wildlife production Greater biodiversity Functional - At Risk Risk Riparian-Wetland Areas in Functional Condition (partially) However an existing attribute • • • Soil Water Vegetation Makes them susceptible to degradation Nonfunctioning Areas that are clearly not providing adequate vegetation, landform, or large woody debris To: • Dissipate stream energy • Improve floodwater retention & groundwater recharge • Stabilize streambanks • And other characteristics common to PFC PROPER FUNCTIONING RIPARIAN AREA Grazing Herbivory Hoof Action Plant Physiological Health Mechanical Damage to Plants Soil/Plant Displacement Compaction RESPONSE Vigor (Health): recovery greater than or equal to initial negative response Site Modification: recovery greater than or equal to initial negative response Recruitment: positive Herbivory Plant Physiological Health Hoof Action Mechanical Damage to Plants Soil/Plant Displacement Compaction RESPONSE RESPONSE Vigor (Health): negative / negative response Site Modification: negative / initial negative response Recruitment: recovery less than initial recovery less than negative NEGATIVE CHANGE NEGATIVE CHANGE IN Community Composition Community Distribution Diversity Rooting Characteristics Amount (bare ground vs vegetated as well as production) Greater Erosion/Deposition At Risk Change Channel Geomorphology Site Alteration/Less Soil Moisture Off-site Impacts +/- water,++/- sediment NEGATIVE CHANGE IN Community Composition Community Distribution Diversity Rooting Characteristics Amount (bare ground vs vegetated as well as production) Greater Erosion/Deposition At Risk Change Channel Geomorphology Site Alteration/Less Soil Moisture Lateral/Vertical Stability Off-site Impacts +/- water,++/- sediment Loss of Riparian Area NON-FUNCTIONAL PROPER FUNCTIONING RIPARIAN AREA Grazing Herbivory Hoof Action Plant Physiological Health Mechanical Damage to Plants Soil/Plant Displacement Compaction Response Vigor (Health): recovery greater than or equal to initial negative response Site Modification: recovery greater than or equal to initial negative response Recruitment: positive NEGATIVE CHANGE IN Community Composition Community Distribution Diversity Rooting Characteristics Amount (bare ground vs vegetated as well as production) Greater Erosion/Depo sition Erosion/Deposit ion At Risk Change Channel Geomorphology Site Alteration/Less Soil Moisture Lateral/Vertical Stability Off-site Impacts +/- water,++/- sediment Loss of Riparian Area NON-FUNCTIONAL PFC • Identifies most of the responses that might be associated with grazing • SHOULD BE AN OBJECTIVE • Other assessment components may need to be measured (monitored) to see if progressing toward or maintaining PFC Responses of Hydrology and Soil Erosion/Deposition Components Often Predicated by Changes in Vegetation • Kind of plants • Proportion of plants • Amount of plants Sufficient to provide lateral/vertical stability in a relatively high hydrologic event. Kind of Plants • • • • Most broad leaf sedges, especially with Most willows and other woody vegetation Many rushes A few grasses & forbs Root Length 0 to 4 in 4 to 8 in 8 to 12 in 12 to 16 in 25 20 M i 15 l e 10 s 5 0 Nebraska Sedge Baltic Rush Douglas Sedge Nevada Bluegrass Column of soil 12"X12"X16" Manning, M.E., et al, 1989 Proportion of Plants Generally greater than 25% composition of right kinds should be dominant/co-dominant in community types (refer to local classifications) Amount of Plants or Plant Communities (Generally) Stable communities + anchored rocks/logs = 80 - 95 % channel/shoreline length Channel Stability Rating (Vegetation) (Vegetation) Adequate Root Strength Coyote Willow Anchored Rock Baltic Rush Bluegrass Beaked Sedge Willow-Bluegrass Willow-Sedge Bare Ground 0 2 4 6 Relative Stability Class 8 10 Winward 1999 Appendix B Monitoring the Vegetation Resources in Riparian Areas by Winward 1999 • Will provide one set of recommended protocols to address all these components • Others can be used