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Transcript
Biology 30 Morinville Community High School Unit 2: Endocrine System Name: ______________ Endocrine System Unit Outline Chapter 13 text p. 434-471 Key Concept A: The endocrine system and nervous system both mediate interactions between humans and their environment to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis). A1. Comparison of Nervous and Endocrine Systems A2. Defining endocrine glands, hormones, and negative feedback A3. Location of endocrine glands Key Concept B: The hypothalamus and pituitary complex controls the secretion of many of the bodyʼs hormones B1. Hormones of the Hypothalamus, posterior and anterior pituitary glands B2. Growth Hormone • growth hormone irregularities B3. Tropic Hormones Key Concept F: Hormonal Regulation of Blood Sugar F1. Islet Cells of the Pancreas: Insulin & Glucagon F2. Diabetes Mellitus Lab: Urinalysis as a Diagnostic Tool Key Concept G: Hormones of the Reproductive System G1. Oxytocin & Prolactin G2. FSH & LH G3. Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone ENDOCRINE SYSTEM UNIT EXAM Key Concept C: Metabolism and Calcium homeostasis are controlled by the Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands C1. Control of Metabolism: Thyroid • thyroid hormone disorders C2. Calcium regulation Key Concept D: The Endocrine and Nervous systems act together in times of stress D1. Structure / Anatomy of the Adrenal Gland D2. Adrenal Cortex: cortisol & aldosterone D3. Adrenal Medulla: adrenaline D4. Adrenal hormone disorders Key Concept E: Water balance & regulation E1. Antidiuretic Hormone • Diabetes insipidus 2 Key Concept A: The endocrine system and nervous system both mediate interactions between humans and their environment to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis) text p.434-439 A1. Comparison of Nervous and Endocrine Systems Your nervous system and endocrine system works cooperatively in order to ensure homeostasis. Vocabulary text p. 203 A2. Defining endocrine glands, hormones, and negative feedback Vocabulary text p. 436 hormone: Homeostasis is: Comparison of Nervous and Endocrine Systems Nervous System control of homeostasis response to stimuli duration of action Endocrine System • The endocrine system consists of endocrine glands and several organs that contain endocrine tissue • Endocrine glands/tissue secrete hormones into the blood • Hormones affect only specific target cells that have receptors to recognize (bind) a given hormone Homeostasis involves monitoring levels of variables and correcting changes in levels by negative feedback mechanisms, or loops. Vocabulary text p. 203, 441 affects negative feedback: 3 A3. Location of endocrine glands 4 Key Concept B: The hypothalamus and pituitary complex controls the secretion of many of the bodyʼs hormones text p.440 - 447 B1. Hormones of the Hypothalamus, posterior and anterior pituitary glands 5 B3. Tropic Hormones B2. Growth Hormone text p. 444 - 445 hGH - human growth hormone *About tropic hormones Many of the hormones released from the anterior pituitary are tropic hormones, which means that their targets are other glands. Tropic hormones stimulate endocrine glands to release other hormones. § stimulus: § target: § effects: (majority of the effects are *tropic) Together, hGH and growth factor hormones from the liver increase: text p. 444 o 1. o 2. o 3. hGH Endocrine Disorders text p. 445- 446 i) hyposecretion of hGH ii) hypersecretion of hGH iii) hypersecretion after puberty Check your Understanding Using the above generalized diagram, determine the placement of: hGH, hGH releasing hormone, liver, growth factor hormone. (reference: text p. 445 Figure 13.11) Which term in the above list is considered a 'tropic hormone' ? 6 Key Concept C: Metabolism and Calcium homeostasis are controlled by the Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands text p.446 - 450 C1. Thyroid gland and control of metabolism text p. 446 – 449 Thyroid disorders Description of Disorder Thyroxine: § stimulus: § target: § effects: Note: Formation of thyroxine requires iodine Symptoms Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease) The Regulation of the Thyroid Gland by a Negative Feedback Mechanism 7 C2. Calcium regulation Calcitonin (From Thyroid) § stimulus: § target: § effects: Negative Feedback Mechanism That Regulates Blood Ca 2+ p. 449 Parathyroid Hormone (From Parathyroid) text p. 446-449 § stimulus: § target: § effects: PTH and calcitonin work antagonistically with each other. 8 Key Concept D: The Endocrine and Nervous systems act together in times of stress p.451-455 D1. Structure / Anatomy of the Adrenal Gland D2. Adrenal Cortex: cortisol & aldosterone text p. 454 9 Cortisol ( a glucocorticoid hormone) Aldosterone (mineral corticoids) § stimulus: stimulus: § target and effects: target: 1. effect: 2. 3. 10 D3. Adrenal Medulla p.451-452 The adrenal medulla: Regulating the short-term stress response The adrenal medulla organ is functionally part of the sympathetic nervous system D4. Adrenal hormone disorders Disorder Cause / Description Symptoms Cushingʼs Syndrome Two hormones: stimulus: Addisonʼs Disease targets: effects: Review! List at least 10 physiological responses initiated / controlled by the sympathetic nervous system: 11 Key Concept E: Water balance & regulation p.441 & 454 E1. Antidiuretic Hormone § stimulus: § target: § effect: Negative feedback mechanism controls the secretion of ADH text p. 441 ADH's Role in Water Regulation 1. dehydration causes the blood plasma to become too concentrated 2. osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect this concentration change; hypothalamus sends a neural signal to posterior pituitary to release ADH 3. ADH targets the nephron of the kidneys, causing the tubules to become more permeable to water 4. More water is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream as a result: § urine output: § concentration of urine: § blood solute concentration : § blood pressure: 6. The hypothalamus detects these changes and sends a signal to the posterior pituitary to stop secreting ADH: Vocabulary Check your Understanding Both ADH and Aldosterone have a role in regulating water homeostasis. How are they the same? How are they different? Diabetes Insipidus: 12 Key Concept F: Hormonal Regulation of Blood Sugar (Glucose) p.456-462 F1. Islet Cells of the Pancreas: Insulin & Glucagon Negative feedback mechanism to regulate blood glucose levels Islet Cells of the pancreas secrete two antagonistic hormones: Insulin § secreted by: § stimulus: § effects: lowers blood sugar by stimulating… a) increased absorption of glucose into cells (review: glucose is used in cellular respiration to provide energy) b) liver to store glucose as glycogen c) muscles to store glycogen and build protein d) adipose (fat storing) tissue to use glucose to form fat Glucagon § secreted by: § stimulus: § effects: raises blood sugar by stimulating… a) liver to convert glycogen to glucose b) stimulating adipose tissue to breakdown fat glucose 13 F2. The Effects of Glucose Imbalance: Diabetes Melllitus text p. 457-462 Diabetes mellitus, or commonly referred to as just 'diabetes', is a metabolic disorder where the person does not produce enough insulin or the body does not react properly to insulin. As a result, hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) occurs. Vocabulary text p. 457. Make notes using the following categories: Type I Diabetes § causes § two possible treatments hyperglycemia: Type II Diabetes § causes Explain the short-term effects of hyperglycemia in diabetics. Explain the long-term effects of hyperglycemia in diabetics. § treatment § factors that increase the incidence of type II diabetes Describe two technologies used to treat diabetics: Insulin injections: Islet cell transplants: 14 Key Concept G: Hormones of the Reproductive System - Chapter 14 G1. Oxytocin & Prolactin Oxytocin § stimulus: § target: § effect: Prolactin § stimulus: § target: § effect: G2. Follicle Stimulating Hormone & Luteinizing Hormone *Oxytocin is one of the few examples of hormones that exhibits positive feedback: • Both FSH and LH are considered gonadotropic hormones because they target the gonads. • GnRH (Gonadotropic Release Hormone) is secreted by the hypothalamus which causes the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH Positive Feedback Loop for Oxytocin Target Effect Follicle Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone 15 G3. Testosterone, Estrogen, & Progesterone Testosterone § stimulus: § target: § effect: Progesterone § stimulus: § target: § effect: Estrogen § stimulus: § target: § effect: 16