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Unit #4 Early Modern Period Global Interactions c. 1450 – c. 1750 Unit #4 Key Concepts • Key Concept 4.1 • Globalizing Networks of Communications and Exchange • For the first time the western hemisphere came into contact with the eastern hemisphere • World trade patterns were dramatically altered with this contact • Technological advancements, stronger political organizations, and new found economic prosperity contributed to this new globalized world • Comparatively, land-based empires lost power to the sea-based powers Unit #4 Key Concepts • Key Concept 4.2 • New forms of social organization and modes of production • Labor systems changed with the acquisition of colonies in North and South America by European powers • With the death of indigenous Amerindians a vigorous slave trade developed imported from Africa • Labor systems such as the encomienda and mita in South America were adapted by the Spanish and Portuguese • Serfdom in Russia developed into a coercive labor system • Massive demographic changes took place in the Americas resulting in new ethnic and racial categories, such as mestizo, mulatto, and creole Unit #4 Key Concepts • Key Concept 4.3 • State consolidation and imperial expansion • Compared to long-established empires, Europe increased its power and prosperity dramatically • Europe did not entirely eclipse the land-based powers in Southwest Asia, Africa, and East Asia • These former powers gained in strength, but suffered from the old issues of land-based empires: defense of borders, communication problems within the empire, and maintenance of a formidable army • By the end of this time period many of the land-based powers were less powerful than the new sea-based powers • Nomads continued to play a significant role in trade and cultural diffusion—they continued to threaten the borders of land-based empires, but there power diminished in light of increased travel by water Key dates that help define the beginning of this period • c. 1433: Zheng He’s voyages of exploration ended • c. 1440: the printing press developed in Europe • 1453: the Ottoman’s took control of Constantinople • 1492: Columbus reached the Americas Major Developments 1450-1750 CE • Changes in trade, technology, and global interactions • Atlantic Ocean trade eventually led to the crossing of the Pacific Ocean • Europe advancements in maritime technology gave them the edge and ability to develop new interactions and global trade patterns • Major maritime and gunpowder empires • Major maritime powers included Portugal, Spain, France, and England • Major gunpowder empires included the Ottomans, Ming and Qing China, the Mughal, Russia, Tokugawa, Songhai, and Benin Major Developments 1450-1750 CE • Slave systems and slave trade • As the new colonies required a labor system and European diseases decimated the native populations, the slave trade from Africa grew exponentially • Atlantic Ocean trade relied on this system • Demographic changes • Population compositions changed as disease spread rapidly to previously isolated people • The demography of the New World was changed dramatically with a system based on race and ethnicity • The demography in certain regions of Africa were also affected by the slave trade • A new middle class began developing in Europe, as well Major Developments 1450-1750 CE • Environmental Changes • Natural environment changed drastically, as imported animals trampled grasslands and altered native farming habits • New crop exchanges meant that soil conditions changed in many areas • Much land was cleared for farming, including some rainforest areas Major Developments 1450-1750 CE • Cultural and intellectual development • This is the era shaped by the European Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment • Neo-Confucianism continued to be influential in China • New art forms developed in the Mughal Empire • In Latin America, a distinctive art form developed as European culture blended with colonial and indigenous traditions • Religions such as Vodun, Zen, Sikhism, and Protestantism developed and/or spread thereby shaping their respective socities Civilizations of Influence c.1450-c.1750 CE • Southwest Asia • West Africa • East Africa • North Africa • Mediterranean • South Asia • East Asia • Americas • Europe Ottoman, Safavid Songhai Ethiopia Arab, Ottoman Ottoman Mughal Ming, Qing (Manchu), Tokugawa Shogunate Aztec, Inca, influence from Western Europe Muslim, Iberia (Portugal and Spain Important Migrations and Trade areas and technology c.1450-c.1750 • Migrations • Europeans to the Americas • Africans to Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Americas • Trade Regions • Atlantic World • Indian Ocean • South China Sea • Russia • Technology • Alphabet, moveable-type printing press, telescope; microscope, steam engine, factory textile machines European Exploration Expands • Factors leading to the Europeans Crossing the Atlantic • Advances in ship design and navigation • Europeans developed new technologies in ship building techniques and navigation acquired from the Indian Ocean networks • Items of improvement included rudders & sails, the compass, more accurate maps, and the astrolabe • These came from Asia Astrolabe Enabled astronomers to calculate the position of the Sun and prominent stars with respect to both the horizon and the meridian; thus is was used to determine latitudes European Exploration Expands • Factors leading to the Europeans Crossing the Atlantic • Another big factor was the desire to spread Christianity • Competition had grown from Christian encounter with Islam • Portugal and Spain had completed its “Reconquista,” (reconquering) the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim control • Their goals included the spread of Christianity to South and East Asia European Exploration Expands • Factors leading to the Europeans Crossing the Atlantic • The Protestant Reformation 1517 had created a new missionary zeal in the Iberian Peninsula • Opposition to Catholic doctrines came from both Muslims and Protestants causing new missionary efforts • Catholic monarchs wanted to convert the world to Catholicism before their counterparts could oppose them European Exploration Expands • Factors leading to the Europeans Crossing the Atlantic • Trade was a major factor • Europeans could see how trade with Asia could enhance their wealth and country’s treasury • The flow of silk, new technology, and spices was transforming regions and developing new cities as trade hubs • Finding a fast route to Asia was a strong motivation for sea-exploration European Exploration Expands • Advantages for Western Europeans Crossing the Atlantic compared to Russia & China • Western Europe had excellent access to the Atlantic for sea-exploration • Russia had not developed a warm water port as yet and was focused on land expansion • Zheng He’s ship exploration was overpowering, but Ming advisers felt the goods traded were of little value to China and their fear of northern invasions put their resources into northern border defense Portugal and Spain lead the way • Portugal and Spain had key geographic locations for access to the Atlantic • Portugal’s relative location to Africa made it a natural exploration site. • Spain had just accomplished a century-long struggle to restore the Iberian peninsula to a Christian state and obviously had the zeal to establish their influence beyond its natural borders • Italy had the key geographic location in the Mediterranean to control East-West trade, so both Spain and Portugal had highly motivate interest to find another route to Asia Portugal & the West Coast of Africa • Prince Henry the Navigator from Portugal created sent multiple voyages down the coast of Africa • In 1488 Portuguese ships rounded the Cape of Good Hope and for the next ten years Portuguese mariners and Arab merchants traded in the Indian Ocean • 1498 Vasco da Gamma made it to India and the Portuguese worked to develop trading posts (forts) The Spanish route to the East • Assuming that Afro-Eurasia was the only land mass on earth, it was logical to assume that sailing west would allow you to arrive near India • Portugal and solidified much of the Indian Ocean trade routes down and around Africa and Italy controlled the Mediterranean, so Spain going west was logical • Columbus’ voyage solidified the phrase the three “G’s” – God, Glory, and Gold • Columbus’ landing in Cuba was most fortuitous and it was know as the “West Indies” with Indians • Columbus’ mistake would lay a foundation of wealth for the Spanish crown through its agricultural and silver mines of the New World The Columbian Exchange • What exactly is the “Columbian Exchange” in world history jargon? • This term is used to classify the transfer of animals, plants, diseases, and people between Europeans and Amerindians (Native Americans in both North and South America) after the arrival in the Americas of explorer Columbus in 1492 • It is a two-way exchange The Columbian Exchange and its Global Effects • Animals and Plants of the Columbian Exchange From Afro-Eurasia to the Americas • Europeans brought horses, pigs, chickens, cows, sugarcane, bananas, wheat, and rice • Horses would end up changing the cultures of almost every Native American group • Sugarcane plantations throughout the Caribbean helped create rich European kingdoms and The Columbian Exchange and its Global Effects • Animals and Plants of the Columbian Exchange From the Americas to Afro-Eurasia • Europeans returned with few animals that had a global impact, but plants would have a large effect • Potatoes that became popular in Europe as it stored well and could grow in all types of soil • Maize became a staple in both Africa and China • These items were responsible for population growth • Other items included tomatoes, tobacco, and chili peppers The Columbian Exchange and its Global Effects • Diseases resulting from the Columbian Exchange • Greatest effect on the native peoples of the Americas was the introduction of diseases • Smallpox was a killer of entire villages and created a devastating change in demographics, unparalleled in human history • Perhaps as many as 90% of the American population died from European diseases • Depopulation made conquest by the Europeans much easier (Cortez was aided greatly by this in Tenochtitlan The Columbian Exchange and its Global Effects • People migrated to the Americas during the Columbian Exchange • Most people migrated voluntarily, but many Africans were forcibly moved as slaves • Spanish explores were not settlers and few women made the voyages • Mixed race children were born out of Spaniards and native women (mestizos) • Eventually European women made the trip creating “pure-born” Spanish. A new social hierarchy was established based on race The Columbian Exchange and its Global Effects • Religions of the Columbian Exchange • Christian missionaries accompanied the explorers and settlers to the Americas • Frequent baptisms were held without regard to any spiritual learning or requirements by the Catholic clergy in both Spanish and Portuguese territories • Traditions of native faiths began weaving with the newly appearing Christianity (Syncretism) The Columbian Exchange and its Global Effects • Precious metals of the Columbian Exchange • Gold from central America went straight to the Spanish crown • Silver from Peru became the metal of global exchange • Japan came into this network as it too had silver mines • China and India began accumulating silver as it was their goods that were most sought after • A new global network of exchange was established with silver Latin America and the Atlantic World • Social Shifts in Latin America • Latin America became a blended society of European, African, and Native American cultures • Economics and the Atlantic World • Using the term “Atlantic World” means the interaction of four continents on both sides of the Atlantic: North America, South America, Europe, and Africa • Latin America is part of the Atlantic World • England, France, and the Dutch followed Spain and Portugal in constructing colonies in the New World • All held islands in the Caribbean with sugar plantations and competed globally Latin America and the Atlantic World • Economics and the Atlantic World • 13 English colonies • The coastal North Atlantic colonies of North America were really an after thought—they really didn’t have the wealth capacity of sugar plantations • Biggest commodity from the colonies on the upper region of North America was fish, in particular Cod • Cod was immensely popular on both sides of the Atlantic • European monarchs showed some interest in establishing colonies near Cape Cod Latin America and the Atlantic World • Economics and the Atlantic World • Triangle Trade • This term is an over simplified term to describe the interchange and trade of sugar, rum (from sugarcane), and cod that was shipped to Europe and exchanged for silver, which in turn went to Africa and exchanged for slaves. Slaves were then sent to the Americas. • See the following graphic Latin America and the Atlantic World • Economics and the Atlantic World • Mercantilism • European monarchs used raw materials from the colonies to make manufactured goods • They then sold these manufacture goods around the world, including back to the colonized areas • Most important in mercantilism is a positive balance of trade • Therefore the monarchs would place tariffs on goods coming in form competing countries • In this system the governments sanctioned and worked with private companies, like the British East India Company and Dutch East India Company • Governments worked hand-in-hand with this joint stock companies for their country’s dominance Exploration to the New World Not the only story in this time period • Continuities in this time period • Religion • Islam continued to spread, as in the period before, into sub-Saharan Africa and into East and Southeast • Buddhism continued to move across Southeast Asia and into parts of Central Asia • Hinduism continued to be the main religion in India • Those not contacted by the missionaries or advocates of these religion, still held onto their indigenous beliefs Exploration to the New World Not the only story in this time period • Continuities in this time period • Trade • Indian Ocean trade to continue with the traditional merchant traders of the time period before: East Asians, South Asians, Southeast Asians, and East Africans • European merchants were able to trade by cooperation with rulers of the port cities • By the middle of this era, the Atlantic world trade outpaced the Indian Ocean trade Exploration to the New World Not the only story in this time period • Continuities in this time period • Agriculture • Most people around the globe remained farmers, more specifically, subsistence farmers • Some farmers specialize in one crop farming for a landowner, which began the early phase of commercial farming • Crops grown began to change as the new plants from the New World, in particular, changed the type of agricultural production i.e. corn in China Exploration to the New World Not the only story in this time period • Continuities in this time period • Migration • Just before the beginning of the European movement into the western hemisphere, migration by indigenous peoples had come to a close • The Hawaii Islands had been settled by c.900 CE and possibly a second wave of migration occurred there c. 1300 CE from Tahiti • Bantu speaking people had built the Great Zimbabwe in Southeast Africa beginning around the 11th century and had abandoned it in the 15th Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • Governments who maintained their power or increased their power during this time period • China • Qing had to worry about the threat from the north (revival of Mongols) and new power to the west, Russia • 17th & 18th centuries Qing mounted military campaigns in Mongolia to end any threat from the Mongols • Qing worked to add land in Central Asia to separate China from Russia • China added Taiwan in the East China Sea in the late 17th century Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • Governments who maintained their power or increased their power during this time period • China • Qing did not demand that conquered regions become “Chinese,” but allowed local rulers to maintain their own cultures as long as the followed Qing polices • Qing were tolerant of both local faiths and customs • Qing did, however, limit movements of pastoral herders and let the Silk Road to disintegrate some they became more intensified in the Indian Ocean Trade Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • Governments who maintained their power or increased their power during this time period • Russia • Along with China, Russia was the other great land empire • Ottoman and Mughal were significant empires in their regions, but small in comparison to China and Russia, and not as powerful Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • Governments who maintained their power or increased their power during this time period • Russia • Russia’s line of leaders in this time period that expanded Russia’s territory • Ivan the Great – ran off the last of the Mongols during the 15th century • Ivan the Terrible– began the conquest of Siberia that lasted for 100 years • Peter the Great and Catherine the great added territories north of the Black and Caspian Seas • Russian migrants moved into these areas in large numbers changing its cultural make-up Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • Governments who maintained their power or increased their power during this time period • Russia • Russia ended the age of nomadic people as it insisted on farming instead of pastoralism • Russia began using peasants for hard labor projects such as building roads and other public works projects • Russia generally adopted a policy of religious tolerance in the regions they conquered, just like China, and unlike Latin America Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • Governments who maintained their power or increased their power during this time period • Russia’s Modernation under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great • Peter built a new city in St. Petersburg model after the capitals of western Europe • Peter and Catherine modernized the military and developed interchange with foreign experts to improve Russia • Catherine propagated Russia as a European nation even though a majority of its empire was in Asia • Catherine gave incentives for people to migrate to Russia • Continuity in Russia’s development included serfdom and absolute monarchy; neither Peter nor Catherine ended serfdom or worked for a more democratic form of governance Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • Governments who maintained their power or increased their power during this time period • Western Europe: Spain, England, France, & Holland (Dutch or The Netherlands) • These four countries created formidable sea empires in the Americas • The English, French, and Dutch colonies in the Caribbean would become part of the mercantile system. Colonies provided raw materials, which helped build the economies and global power of these colonizers • France, England, and the Dutch also came with missionary zeal, but not to the extent of the Iberian nations Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • Differences in their governing methodology • Spain and Portugal’s monarchs were more heavily involved the governance of their colonies than England, France, and the Netherlands • Viceroys became the equivalent of assistant kings over their colonies and reported directly to the monarch • This system proved to be cumbersome with every decision needed to be approved by the monarch • The distance between the colonies and homeland made for delayed communication Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • Differences in their governing methodology • France, England, and the Dutch were similar to Spain and Portugal in regard to religious polices • They converted natives to Christianity, but were not as insistent on immediate conversion • Overall monarchs in the Spain and Portugal were much more directly involved in colonial governance • The Dutch, French and British colonies had much more decision-making ability at the local level and little micromanagement from Europe. • This can be seen as a possible cause for the American colonists to lean towards their own independence Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • Spain and Portugal's’ added territory • Spain claimed the Philippines with Magellan’s circumvention of the globe in the early 16th century • Spain’s motivation for this was the location of a base near China for trade wealth and possible Christian conversion of China’s population • Portugal established outposts along the Atlantic and Indian Ocean coasts of Africa and India, but was unable to colonize like it had in Brazil Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • Absolute monarchies and a constitutional monarchy in Europe • Absolute monarchies existed in France, Russia, and Spain—the kings were above the law • England had a constitutional monarchy established in 1689 during the Glorious Revolution • The king worked in coordination with parliament • This style of government would eventually become the norm for all European Kings Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • Ottoman Empire • Ottoman Empire reached its peak in this time period Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • Ottoman Empire • Empire went across North Africa into Southwest Asia and into modern Turkey, reaching almost to Austria • Ottomans defeated the last of the Byzantine Empire when they secured Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul • The Ottoman’s did not require Christians and Jews to convert, but they demanded non-Muslim families in the Balkans to give up their sons for military service • These young boys were called Janissaries and the recruitment system was the devshirme system Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • Ottoman Empire • Janissaries were trained in Islam and they had upward mobility by demonstrating loyalty and ability • The expansion of the Ottoman Empire ended with a failed attempt to subdue Vienna, Austria in the early 16th century • The Ottomans were in a politically precarious position as a part-European and part-Asia empire • The conquering of Constantinople by the Ottomans fueled the sea-base excursions of the Spanish, as they feared a blockade of trade routes—thus the drive to find a new way to India Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • New Governments in Asia and Europe • New governments in other regions during this time period were Tokugawa Japan, Mughal India and the Netherlands (their expansion in southeast Asia and the Americas) • Tokugawa Japan • In the mid-16th century Japan was functioning under the feudal system with no strong central government • Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands and England sent missionaries and merchants who were welcomed at first, but eventually turned out by the Tokugawa Shogunate • The Japanese were most interested in European guns Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • New Governments in Asia and Europe • Tokugawa Japan • The Tokugawa family united Japan through military conquest • The leader of the government was a military commander called the Shogun • Tokugawa Shogunate ruled Japan until the mid 19th century • It considered the influence of outsiders to be detrimental and it aggressively began expelled all foreign influence—Christian coverts were brutally persecuted • Japan set the course for isolationism allowing only one Dutch ship into its port a year—this lasted until Admiral Perry forced intrusion in the mid 19th century Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • New Governments in Asia and Europe • Mughal India • In the early 16th century Muslims from Central Asia, who claimed to me descendants of Changes Khan, entered South Asia and founded the Mughal Empire • “Mughal” comes from Mongol • Mughal’s greatest ruler was Akbar who extended religious tolerance to the 75% Hindu population • In the next timer period, c.1750- c.1900 the British would arrive and relegate the Mughal leaders to perfunctory duties • The Mughal’s were a religious minority in a Hindu land—Taj Mahal was built by a Muslim Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • New Governments in Asia and Europe • Netherlands • The rise of the Netherlands was due in part to a very pro-business government—little regulation, including favorable bank loans • The Dutch began their global sea exploration about 100 years after the Iberians (Spain & Portugal) • They sent warships and soldiers under the flag of the Dutch East Indies Company, also known as the VOC, to take Portuguese outposts in the Indian Ocean Governments c. 1450- c. 1750 CE • New Governments in Asia and Europe • Netherlands • The came to dominate the “Spice Islands” in Indonesia— “Dutch chocolate” and “Java” came from these islands • The Netherlands main trade focus was in Indonesia, but they also had sugarcane plantations in the Caribbean • The Dutch sent colonists to North America and colonized modern-day Manhattan Island and called it New Amsterdam • In 1660 the British took it and renamed it New York Collapse of Empires c.1450-c.1750 • Aztecs • Aztecs rose in the 14th century in Mesoamerica establishing their capital in Tenochtitlan, positioned in the middle of Lake Texcoco • Used a unique farming method growing plants on Chinampas (floating islands) • Aztec Empire increased its size by conquering adjoining tribes and demanding tribute in the form of food, precious metals, feathers, and jewelry • The empire was not centralized, but rather developed as tributary states; meet your tribute demands and you can live as you were Quetzalcoatl Chinampas Collapse of Empires c.1450-c.1750 • Aztecs • Religion was central to the Aztecs as the perceived themselves as descended from the gods—they had 100s of gods • Quetzalcoatl --represented by a feathered serpent (Montezuma would think Cortes was the return of Quetzalcoatl) • Human sacrifice was a key aspect of their religious tradition—the perceived need to keep the sun rising by human blood • By the 16th century Aztecs faced internal struggles with their tribute states and Cortez arrived from Spain • Cortez united the disgruntled tribute states and along with smallpox defeated the Aztecs in less than one year Collapse of Empires c.1450-c.1750 • Inca • Inca Empire was the largest empire in the Americas before the Spanish arrived • Inca Empire lasted for about 100 years from mid15th century to mid 16th century • It stretched along most of the Pacific coast of South America • Expansion of the Inca Empire came through military conquest and, like the Aztecs, they demanded tribute • Inca were more centralized in their conquest and demanded defeated people, especially young leaders to learn the Incan language Collapse of Empires c.1450-c.1750 • Inca • “Inca socialism” was the term given to the governance of the Inca • All land, food, and manufactured products were owned by the government • All Inca people were required to contribute a portion of their goods to the government for redistribution • Inca had no writing system, but had an ingenious accounting system using knotted strings known as quipu Collapse of Empires c.1450-c.1750 • Inca • Like the Aztecs, the Inca were facing internal strife when the Spanish under Pizarro arrived in early 1530s • 200 well-armed conquistadors and small pox, once again, decimated the Inca Collapse of Empires c.1450-c.1750 • Byzantine • In 1453 the city of Constantinople was defeated by Muslim forces from the Ottoman Empire ending a civilization that had been on its own since the fall of the western Roman Empire in 476 CE • The symbolic end of the Byzantines was the Hagia Sophia, built by Justinian in 532, being converted into a Muslim mosque, under Sultan Mehmet II in 1453 New Political and Economic Elite Groups • Political Elites in China • Manchus defeated the Ming and established themselves as the new ruling elite class • Manchus came from the northeast corner of East Asia, Manchuria • Manchus established a new dynasty, Qing, but they remained an ethnic minority throughout their rule • Qing adopted the components of being Chinese: Chinese language, Confucianism, traditional Chinese bureaucracy, and the mandate of heaven philosophy Manchu Homeland and Qing Dynasty New Political and Economic Elite Groups • Political Elites in China • Manchus defeated the Ming and established themselves as the new ruling elite class • Manchus came from the northeast corner of East Asia, Manchuria • Manchus established a new dynasty, Qing, but they remained an ethnic minority throughout their rule • Qing adopted the components of being Chinese: Chinese language, Confucianism, traditional Chinese bureaucracy, and the mandate of heaven philosophy New Political and Economic Elite Groups • Political Elites in Latin America • New ruling class in Latin America was the Creole elites • Settlers in Americas born in Spain or Portugal were called Peninsulares because they were born in the Iberian Peninsula • Next on the social ladder were the Creoles—those Europeans born in the Americas • Over time the Peninsulares diminished and the Creoles increased in number • Below the elites were peoples of mixed race mestizos and mulattoes • Racial hierarchy developed with whitest skin on top and darkest skin on bottom • Those with Amerindian or African features were on the bottom New Political and Economic Elite Groups • Political Elites in North American British and French Colonies • European elites such as large landowners or wealthy merchants established themselves at the top of colonial society • Beneath them were other “whites” such as small farmers, craftspeople, and indentured servants • Whites were always above Indians and African slaves no matter the poverty level New Political and Economic Elite Groups • Economic Elites • A new wealthy merchant class came out of European entrepreneurs who profited from the new global trade • Even though merchants were regarded in low esteem in China, they enjoyed the benefits of wealth • Outside of China merchants were often members of the social elite Developments in Christianity and European Science Syncretism with Catholicism and Local Traditional Faiths • Christianity in Latin America adapted to local customs • Missionaries in Latin America had great success, but the religion that emerged was quite different from its original form • In Mexico many of the Christian saints took on same responsibilities as the precolonial gods that were previously worshiped • In the Caribbean a mix of African religions and Christianity merged to produce Vodun or voodoo Developments in Christianity and European Science Reformation divided the Christian Church and Revived Missionary Activity • In the 16th century Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation by challenging the Catholic Church, its teachings and even the Pope’s authority • His primary objection centered on the sale of indulgences. Indulgences were documents proclaiming that sins were forgiven—they could be bought from the clergy • Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church in Rome and established his own church (Anglican) because of Luther’s influential ideas Developments in Christianity and European Science Reformation divided the Christian Church and Revived Missionary Activity • The Catholic Church countered the ideas of Luther and ended their indulgences • The greatest global effect of the Catholic Reformation was the creation of the Jesuits • Jesuits were a group of priests with an exuberant missionary zeal • They called themselves the “Army of the Pope” • Jesuits were very effective in gaining converts in Latin America and reversing gains in Poland that were made by the Protestants Developments in Christianity and European Science Reformation divided the Christian Church and Revived Missionary Activity • Jesuit missionaries had success in China primarily because of their academic and scientific knowledge • The Ming and Qing emperors appointed Jesuit diplomats from Europe as the head of their Bureau of Astronomy • Jesuits brought mathematical and scientific information from Europe that the Chinese found useful • This was symbolic of a turning point in global leadership in technology – moving from East to West Developments in Christianity and European Science Europe’s Scientific Revolution • Since the Renaissance (1300-1600) European scientists had been advancing in scientific and mathematical concepts developed from trade interaction with Muslim and Chinese scholars • Monarchs of Europe, particularly Spain, Portugal, England, and France, sponsored men and women to conduct scientific research to give their countries a competitive advantage • Scientific Revolution’s long-term effects on Western society were to reduce faith in divine explanations and put more emphasis into scientific explanations • This tendency would lead to the Industrial Revolution Developments in Labor Systems • Peasant labor increased in Russia, India, and China • Russia expanded into Siberia and began to export valuable furs to the European markets • Peasants were involved in trapping and the processing of furs and also the farming of land owned by Russia’s elite class • In India, hand-woven cotton products were produced by peasant men and women for export throughout Asia and Europe • In China, large numbers of peasants produced silk; they cultivated silk worms, extracted the silk, and weaved it Developments in Labor Systems • Slavery intensified in Africa (Population changes) • Practice of slavery continued and export of slaves to the Americas by Europeans and north into the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean area by Muslims intensified • Slaves sent to the Americas worked under harsh conditions on sugar plantations on sugar plantations in the Caribbean and Brazil • Life expectancy on sugar plantations was brief—three years according to some studies. • Massive lost of people due to forced migration out of Africa affect demographics tremendously • Mostly males exported, population declined, and the patriarchal social structure was disrupted Developments in Labor Systems • Encomienda and Mita Systems supplemented Slavery in Latin America • Spanish colonists used Amerindians who survived the disease pandemics for their labor needs • Under the encomienda system, the Spanish Crown granted conquistadors and Spanish settlers large numbers of native laborers to work in the agricultural fields and in the case of Peru, the world’s largest silver mine at Potosi • The Inca mita system required its population to do public works service. This became adopted by the Spanish, but really turned into a forced labor system • By the early 18th century is was abolished because of its abuses. These abuses were cataloged and written down by the monk Bartolomé de las Casas Developments in Labor Systems • Indentured Servitude • In the Americas, Europeans hired indentured servants when slaves were not readily available • In the English colonies of North America, an indentured servant had to work in the colony for about seven years in payment for his transport to America • Most indentured servants were agricultural workers, although some developed trade skills • Slavery did exist in these colonies, however, most were sent to the Caribbean or Brazil • At the end of the servitude the indentured servant was free of their obligations to their master (sponsor) • Thousands of people migrated from England to the American colonies as indentured servants Key Terms and Concepts c. 1450-c. 1750 • Inca Empire • European Explorations • Columbian Exchange • Atlantic World • Mercantilism • Atlantic Slave Trade • Encomienda System • Mughal Empire • Syncretism in Religions • Printing Press • Ottoman Empire