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ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE EAST HOW DID THE CITY STATES DIFFER FROM EARLIER VILLAGES? • Neolithic villages housed a few dozen residents on a few acres • The first city-states were ten times larger, accommodating 5,000 people. Over time they grew to hold 500,000 • Irrigation canals supported agriculture extended southward to central Mesopotamia • Construction and maintenance of the canal system required larger gang of workers than the work teams that were based on the family and clan. FROM CITY-STATE TO EMPIRE Imposed political rule over another people and its resources, usually by conquest Must create bureaucratic administrations with sufficient uniformity in language, currency, weights, measures, and legal systems to enable them to function as a single political structure Collection of tax or tribute to provide means to administer the empire Empires create structures that display power and luxury, inspiring loyalty among allies and caution among potential enemies. Often encourage great creativity in the arts and learning Establish vast marketplaces serviced by highways and roads, ports, and dockyards. Ex. All roads lead to Rome, and canals that linked Southern China with the North Earliest empires built with military force, superior technologies and vast armies or powerful navies. SUMER: BIRTH OF A CITY (3500 – 2350 B.C.E.) • Migration of people called the Sumerians into southern Mesopotamia in about 4,000 B.C.E. • The Sumerians began to dominate the region, displacing the Semitic (Jewish) speaking populations • Established by Sargon the Great (23342279 B.C.E.) SUMER: BIRTH OF A CITY • Leaders began to think in terms of conquering others to create empires • Sumerians lived in warring city-states— Kish, Uruk, Nippur, Lagash, Umma and others SUMER: RELIGION • Power rested with the priests of the many deities of Sumer • Residents of Sumer believed that their survival in the harsh environment of ancient Mesopotamia depended on the will of the gods • City priests built ziggurats to consolidate their supernatural influence SUMER: WRITING • Sumerians invented writing • Pictograms: Pictorial symbol or sign representing an object or concept (started in 3,300 B.C.E.) • Cuneiform: A writing system in use in the ancient Near East. The name derives from wedge-shaped marks • Ideograms: A character or figure in a writing system in which the idea or a thing is represented rather than its name • Conquest by Alexander the Great replaced Cuneiform with the alphabetic writing system SUMER: LITERATURE & LAW • Literary Works: Epic of Gilgamesh • Evidence seems to strongly point to the development of a legal code within Sumer AKKADIAN EMPIRE (2360-2230 B.C.E.) • Sargon led an Semitic people from the Arabian peninsula, entered Sumer • Sargon led the Akkadians to victory over Sumer • Well-developed administrative system • Standardization of weights and measures • Akkadians language was used in administrative documents BABYLONIAN EMPIRE (1894-539 B.C.E.) • The Amorites (a Sematic groups), invaded from the south and conquered Sumer about 1900 B.C.E. • Hammurabi defeated the remaining independent Sumerian city-states • Hammurabi legal code was created • In 586 B.C.E., the Babylonians destroyed the temple in Jerusalem and exiled thousands of Jews to from Judea to Babylon HITTITE EMPIRE (1600-1178 B.C.E.) • The Hittites arrived as part of a vast movement of Indo-European peoples that originated from the north • Invention of the two-wheeled chariots • Developed iron-working technology • Battled the Egyptians at Qadesh, Syria • Collapsed due to invaders, the Sea Peoples, who arrived via the Mediterranean NEW KINGDOM EMPIRE (1550-1070 B.C.E.) EGYPT IN MESOPOTAMIA • Expulsion of the Hyksos • Controlled territory to the northeast as far as the Euphrates River • Egypt stationed administrative officials in the region to collect taxes, acquire raw materials and collect taxes • Egyptian control in the Mesopotamia ended in 1200 B.C.E. • Loss of gold, supplies and slaves contributed to the end of the empire NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE (911-612 B.C.E.) • Descendants of the Akkadians • Controlled people through policies of terror and forced migration • Deportation of some nations into exile from their homeland • Importation of their own people to settle among defeated people • Conquered Egypt in 671 • Overpopulation and drought contributed to its eventual fall • Sennacherib of Assyria dispersed the Jews of the northern kingdom of Israel in 721 B.C.E. Referred to as the “Lost Ten Tribes of Israel.” ACHAEMENID EMPIRE (550-330 B.C.E) • The Medes and the Persians began to appear in the region east of Mesopotamia • At first the Medes were more numerous and powerful, but later the Persians came to predominate • Both groups were Indo-Europeans • Destruction of Assyria as a military force • A new balance of power among the Egyptians, Medes, Babylonians, and Lydians emerged in western Asia ACHAEMENID EMPIRE • Cyrus the Great (558-529 B.C.E.) • Broke the balance of power when he defeated the Medes, Lydians and Babylonians • Retained local rulers after conquering regional groups • Allowed conquered groups to maintain their system of administration and military, but still be under Persian control • In 538 B.C.E. Cyrus permitted the reconstruction of the Tempe of Jerusalem to begin ACHAEMENID EMPIRE • Cyrus the Great (558-529 B.C.E.) broke the balance of power when he defeated the Medes, Lydians and Babylonians • Cambyses II (529-522 B.C.E.) expanded Cyrus’s conquest by crossing the Sinai desert and capturing Memphis in Egypt • Darius I (522-486 B.C.E.) extended the Persian Empire more deeply into Asia MACEDONIAN EMPIRE (808-168 B.C.E.) • Phillip II (359-336 B.C.E.) rose to power once he persuaded the Macedonian army to declare himself king • Between 453 and 339 Phillip conquered the Balkans from the Danube to the Aegean coast and from the Adriatic to the Black Sea • Established new towns, which were populated by Macedonians and local people. • Phillip II employed many local people in his administration MACEDONIAN EMPIRE • Alexander (336-323 B.C.E.) succeeded his father without opposition and continued his father’s conquest • Battle at Issus (333 B.C.E.) and Battle of Gaugamela (331 B.C.E.) – Alexander defeated Persian forces under Darius III • Alexander pushed south and was welcomed in Egypt as a liberator • Marched across the Oxus River and into the Indus Valley to conquer Afghanistan and parts of the northern India MACEDONIAN EMPIRE • Two kingdoms emerged after the death of Alexander: • Ptolemy ruled Egypt through a Greek and Macedonian elite until Roman conquest • Seleucus I Nicator (d. 281 B.C.E.) was governor of Babylon when the empire split apart and added Iran, Afghanistan, and Anatolia • By 200 B.C.E. the Seleucid Empire was limited to modern day location of Syria • Parthians reclaimed Persia in the east and divided Anatolia into numerous governments ROMAN EMPIRE (750 B.C.E. – 500 C.E.) • Rome’s first battle on Greek soil came in 200 B.C.E. • Neighboring Greek city-states encouraged Rome to use these divisions to establish its own balance of power in the region • Rome warned Macedonia not to interfere in Greek affairs • Phillip V of Macedonia was eventually defeated in 168 B.C.E. ROMAN EMPIRE • Rome had also warned Antiochus III of Syria (223187 B.C.E.) to stay out of Europe and Egypt. • Antiochus ignored the warning from Rome and he was pushed back to Syria • General Pompey (106-48 B.C.E.) added Syria and most of Asia Minor to the empire • In 63 B.C.E., he captured Jerusalem, the capital of Judea, allowing a Jewish king to rule as clientmonarch • In 70 C.E. they destroyed the Jewish temple in Jerusalem, exiled all Jews from the city, • In 135 C.E. they dismantled the political structure of the Jewish state and exiled almost all Jews from Judea BYZANTINE EMPIRE (330-1453 C.E.) • In 330 C.E., the Roman emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire in half –Eastern and Western Roman Empire • Roman Emperor Constantine rebuilt the city of Constantinople (called Byzantium) • Emperor Justinian (527-656 C.E.) extended the empire to include Judea • In 1071, the Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert • In 1453, the Ottoman Empire defeated the Byzantine Empire at Constantinople (Byzantium) NOTES FOR IMPROVEMENT: • Notes: Focus the PPT on the achievements of each empire. Have students then rank them based on their achievement, size and strength. Focus on Kagan’s book to develop this PPT in the future. • Saladin Empire (1137-1193 C.E.)