* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Group A: Impacts of IS on organisms, communities, and landscapes
Survey
Document related concepts
Pleistocene Park wikipedia , lookup
Molecular ecology wikipedia , lookup
Habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Climate resilience wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Restoration ecology wikipedia , lookup
Reconciliation ecology wikipedia , lookup
Natural environment wikipedia , lookup
Ecosystem services wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle wikipedia , lookup
Human impact on the environment wikipedia , lookup
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Group A: Impacts of IS on organisms, communities, and landscapes Connections to other chapter topics Chapter 3: Impacts on Ecosystem Processes o Understanding the impacts on the components is linked to an understanding of the impacts on the process. Chapter 6 & 7 o Determines whether or not you treat the impact Are we going to talk about impact on invaders on org., comm., and landscapes or impacts of management of the invaders on the ecosystem? Effects go both ways Many impacts on org., comm., and landscapes so we should leave management issues to management Impacts driven by management o “For discussion on management effects, see chapter X” at the bottom of impact chapter Chapter 4 o Climate change exacerbates impacts and species grow more rapidly Chapter 5 o Some IS can be more resistant to pollution that native o Depends on the stressor Chapter 9 o Social processes come into play when discussing population decline and community change and apparent changes on a landscape o Humans are moving invasives If there’s an impact on ecosystem services like water availability that’s going to have an impact on people o Impacts of organisms are the foundation of everything; why we care about the species o Degree to which ecosystems change populations and communities will have an influence on popular concern which feeds back to management and policy SOD has garnered a lot of attention bc there’s such a profound impact on the landscape o How to get people to care? Chapter 11 o Impacts have to do with economic impacts o If EAB kills a tree and creates a gap that disrupts an ecosystem service, that affects ecosystems How do we value secondary effects? Chapters 8 & 10 o International/intercontinental collaboration needs to happen more Critical scientific issues Cryptic or delayed impacts of invasive species: These organisms may have unexpected impacts in space and over time. Need to quantify. o Lot of IS considered no-impact but may have impacts we don’t understand and probably have effects that no one has been motivated to investigate o Ex. Powder post beetles Invasional Meltdown: Combinatorial or potential synergistic effects of multiple invaders on multiple hosts have unquantified impacts on ecosystem components. o Once an invader comes in, how native insects picks up; repercussions of other communities becoming non-target vectors Ecosystem resilience/resistance to IS needs to be evaluated experimentally in FACE-type simulated ecosystems to determine how systems/system components behave in general to invasions. o From a plant invasion perspective, some species can also be related to secondary invasions; species that can resist invasion; providing a community resistance to invasion-Shibu (Does this make sense?) Scaling-spatial and temporal: We need to learn how to scale up impacts from the experimental level to the landscape level and scale down the risk from the continental level to the local level. o Many studies that are done are small scale and difficult to figure out what emergent effects are if invasion occurs across the landscape o Temporal scaling: How well do we understand whether we need to act right now to deal with an invasion or will the invasion play out and resolve itself? Ex: Zebra mussels in some habitats there’s a huge surge in their population and then it abates and the system balances itself When (how frequently) do natural regulatory factors engage to control an IS. Climate change and misunderstood species’ effects o Possibly compounds already existing IS issues that may not yet be significant Ex. Foliator out of sync that becomes more in sync with the host as climate changes Understanding attributes of possible IS hosts: helps in assessing risk Long visions of invasion biology Thinking about the system, how does the system behave as it changes given temperature, moisture, and CO2 are the most important? Does it become more resistant or less resistant to invasion? Gaps in Knowledge/Current Research • • • • • • • • • • • • Cascading impacts of IS (insects on vertebrates through plants) Improving, re-targeting monitoring of presence and impact Mechanisms: How do IS (insects/pathogens) kill trees? How do IS disperse? How do impacts happen? How do we elucidate and quantify networks of impact? Do we overestimate impacts? Can we do more multivariate experiments involving environmental gradients to test ecosystem responses (linkage to climate change)? We need a datahub for IS (the IS GenBank). o Also need long term data sets Demonstrates whether something is episodic, resolves itself, or worsens if left untreated Do we know enough about elevational (vertical) spread of IS. Need for range maps to show how far invasion can spread o Informs on susceptibility o Aids in risk analysis Need multiple regional monitoring systems that monitor IS o Ex. FHM designed to measure effects of air pollution and could be redesigned to measure impacts of IS FHP do pest detection and surveys but FHM should be looking at health of the forest, native or nonnative on org., comm., and landscapes and should be working with FIA o Would facilitate prioritization Uncertainty o Concept of community adjustment; systems adjusting; what’s the new dynamic equilibrium going to be It may not have a big impact on ecosystem services Better understand role of biotic resistance and inhibiting invasion o Not a lot of empirical evidence that’s building o A community response of pathogens resisting pests Tribal lands are void of tools: no climate monitoring systems, missing data Lack of coordination among agencies, NGOs, etc. that have data sets. How do you get all these people to communicate and share data and do it in a standardized way? Scientific datas, models, syntheses • • FIA data Climate predictive models • Stream temperatures and its effect on trout for example Range shifts of climate and what species to restore with, increasing resilience; increasing diversity and species that may survive better in the future • Risk mapping/assessment • Citizen Science sets • NCEAS syntheses • Economic impacts are key • IUFRO synthesis • Gary Lovett paper on ecological and economic impacts • USGS Powell Center • USDA plant database • USDA NCGR • USGS Fish database • NEON data on climate change and invasives • NPS long term data on vegetation that demonstrate how population dynamics have changed for IS • Long term ecological research sites • LANDIS-2 • Landscape simulations models • Geovisualization • MODIS • Decision support tools e.g. Expert system software • PIERS database Documents trade manifests • Sea-web database to track transports • EDDMaps • FAF (freight analysis framework) database Document movement of commodities • APHIS databases Pest ID, caps summary of newly detected pests, wildlife database, integrated risk maps • IUCN red list (European, international) • GBIF database Climate suitability maps for pests • Issues likely to become important Security and IS: National security, especially food and water security Demise of biological expertise: Will we have enough taxonomists, entomologists, pathologists, plant scientists, geneticists in 2040 and beyond? • IS Pathways of the future: Will we shut them down or will more and leakier pathways from understudied source populations of IS open? Consensus was strongly negative. Trade pathways will likely increase and open more points of access for new IS No matter what regulations are created, they will never be 100% effective • The Godzilla Effect: Hybridization of invaders with native species. • • Introduced IS can either eliminate the native or create a hybrid that has a completely different function and hybrid then spreads • What will be the trajectories of novel ecosystems and who will decide the composition and restoration goals for the “designer” ecosystems? Which novel ecosystems are okay and which ones aren’t? How do we decide if we try to get an ecosystem back to pre-invasion condition or just to a functional condition? • What will the human population density and climate look like in 25 years? • The necessity of a continual investment in new detection techniques and controls for IS. • Emergence of new pathogens that cause infectious diseases that influence humans as a consequence of community shifts Ex: West nile brought by Egyptian mosquitos or hybrids of tiger mosquitos and native mosquitos • Integration of new technologies • Rise in citizen science with apps and social media • Interagency coordination Critical management and policy • • • • • • • • Grassroots (Community) level development and delivery of lists of IS impacts to Congress Can we develop politically meaningful metrics for IS impact (the “Carbon tax” for invasive species). IS Impacts as a justification for executing ecosystem management and recovery • Don’t understand real impacts but we spend money on certain management strategies that may be less effective despite limited resources • Prioritization based on efficacy of management options, risk analysis, and impacts Develop a procedure to resolve when IS management is at odds with T&E management. Looking across the border: What are the challenges and opportunities of international management and policy issues? Human emotions: As impacts increase in magnitude the human response is to get on the hot line and call politicians’ offices. • Need to raise public concern Location, location, location: proximity of impacts and human responses • People care more when IS affect something nearby • Being able to see effects or affected areas is more emphatic • Urbanized populations result in a disconnect between people and nature how do we get people to care about nature? Monitoring • Need to be able to tell if strategies are effective • Are we helping or hurting? • • • • Interdisciplinary work needed: ecologists often work in isolation and pull in social scientists late As IS continue to expand, we talk a little about economics but also an issue of food and water security; there are cascading effects if you invade a place where it’s no longer useful to cattle grazing Loss of industry and $$ Human biocontrol Resolve fire funding