Download Group A: Impacts of IS on organisms, communities, and landscapes

Group A: Impacts of IS on organisms, communities, and
landscapes
Connections to other chapter topics
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Chapter 3: Impacts on Ecosystem Processes
o Understanding the impacts on the components is linked to an
understanding of the impacts on the process.
Chapter 6 & 7
o Determines whether or not you treat the impact
 Are we going to talk about impact on invaders on org., comm.,
and landscapes or impacts of management of the invaders on
the ecosystem?
 Effects go both ways
 Many impacts on org., comm., and landscapes so we should
leave management issues to management
 Impacts driven by management
o “For discussion on management effects, see chapter X” at the bottom
of impact chapter
Chapter 4
o Climate change exacerbates impacts and species grow more rapidly
Chapter 5
o Some IS can be more resistant to pollution that native
o Depends on the stressor
Chapter 9
o Social processes come into play when discussing population decline
and community change and apparent changes on a landscape
o Humans are moving invasives
 If there’s an impact on ecosystem services like water
availability that’s going to have an impact on people
o Impacts of organisms are the foundation of everything; why we care
about the species
o Degree to which ecosystems change populations and communities
will have an influence on popular concern which feeds back to
management and policy
 SOD has garnered a lot of attention bc there’s such a profound
impact on the landscape
o How to get people to care?
Chapter 11
o Impacts have to do with economic impacts
o If EAB kills a tree and creates a gap that disrupts an ecosystem
service, that affects ecosystems
 How do we value secondary effects?
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Chapters 8 & 10
o International/intercontinental collaboration needs to happen more
Critical scientific issues
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Cryptic or delayed impacts of invasive species: These organisms may
have unexpected impacts in space and over time. Need to quantify.
o Lot of IS considered no-impact but may have impacts we don’t
understand and probably have effects that no one has been motivated
to investigate
o Ex. Powder post beetles
Invasional Meltdown: Combinatorial or potential synergistic effects of
multiple invaders on multiple hosts have unquantified impacts on ecosystem
components.
o Once an invader comes in, how native insects picks up; repercussions
of other communities becoming non-target vectors
Ecosystem resilience/resistance to IS needs to be evaluated
experimentally in FACE-type simulated ecosystems to determine how
systems/system components behave in general to invasions.
o From a plant invasion perspective, some species can also be related to
secondary invasions; species that can resist invasion; providing a
community resistance to invasion-Shibu (Does this make sense?)
Scaling-spatial and temporal: We need to learn how to scale up impacts
from the experimental level to the landscape level and scale down the risk
from the continental level to the local level.
o Many studies that are done are small scale and difficult to figure out
what emergent effects are if invasion occurs across the landscape
o Temporal scaling: How well do we understand whether we need to act
right now to deal with an invasion or will the invasion play out and
resolve itself?
 Ex: Zebra mussels in some habitats there’s a huge surge in
their population and then it abates and the system balances
itself
When (how frequently) do natural regulatory factors engage to control an IS.
Climate change and misunderstood species’ effects
o Possibly compounds already existing IS issues that may not yet be
significant
 Ex. Foliator out of sync that becomes more in sync with the
host as climate changes
Understanding attributes of possible IS hosts: helps in assessing risk
Long visions of invasion biology
Thinking about the system, how does the system behave as it changes given
temperature, moisture, and CO2 are the most important? Does it become
more resistant or less resistant to invasion?
Gaps in Knowledge/Current Research
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Cascading impacts of IS (insects on vertebrates through plants)
Improving, re-targeting monitoring of presence and impact
Mechanisms: How do IS (insects/pathogens) kill trees? How do IS disperse?
How do impacts happen? How do we elucidate and quantify networks of
impact?
Do we overestimate impacts?
Can we do more multivariate experiments involving environmental gradients
to test ecosystem responses (linkage to climate change)?
We need a datahub for IS (the IS GenBank).
o Also need long term data sets
 Demonstrates whether something is episodic, resolves itself, or
worsens if left untreated
Do we know enough about elevational (vertical) spread of IS.
Need for range maps to show how far invasion can spread
o Informs on susceptibility
o Aids in risk analysis
Need multiple regional monitoring systems that monitor IS
o Ex. FHM designed to measure effects of air pollution and could be
redesigned to measure impacts of IS
 FHP do pest detection and surveys but FHM should be looking
at health of the forest, native or nonnative on org., comm., and
landscapes and should be working with FIA
o Would facilitate prioritization
Uncertainty
o Concept of community adjustment; systems adjusting; what’s the new
dynamic equilibrium going to be
 It may not have a big impact on ecosystem services
Better understand role of biotic resistance and inhibiting invasion
o Not a lot of empirical evidence that’s building
o A community response of pathogens resisting pests
Tribal lands are void of tools: no climate monitoring systems, missing data
Lack of coordination among agencies, NGOs, etc. that have data sets. How do
you get all these people to communicate and share data and do it in a
standardized way?
Scientific datas, models, syntheses
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FIA data
Climate predictive models
• Stream temperatures and its effect on trout for example
Range shifts of climate and what species to restore with, increasing
resilience; increasing diversity and species that may survive better in
the future
• Risk mapping/assessment
• Citizen Science sets
• NCEAS syntheses
• Economic impacts are key
• IUFRO synthesis
• Gary Lovett paper on ecological and economic impacts
• USGS Powell Center
• USDA plant database
• USDA NCGR
• USGS Fish database
• NEON data on climate change and invasives
• NPS long term data on vegetation that demonstrate how population
dynamics have changed for IS
• Long term ecological research sites
• LANDIS-2
• Landscape simulations models
• Geovisualization
• MODIS
• Decision support tools e.g. Expert system software
• PIERS database
Documents trade manifests
• Sea-web database to track transports
• EDDMaps
• FAF (freight analysis framework) database
Document movement of commodities
• APHIS databases
Pest ID, caps summary of newly detected pests, wildlife database,
integrated risk maps
• IUCN red list (European, international)
• GBIF database
Climate suitability maps for pests
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Issues likely to become important
Security and IS: National security, especially food and water security
Demise of biological expertise: Will we have enough taxonomists,
entomologists, pathologists, plant scientists, geneticists in 2040 and beyond?
• IS Pathways of the future: Will we shut them down or will more and
leakier pathways from understudied source populations of IS open?
Consensus was strongly negative.
Trade pathways will likely increase and open more points of access for new IS
No matter what regulations are created, they will never be 100% effective
• The Godzilla Effect: Hybridization of invaders with native species.
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Introduced IS can either eliminate the native or create a hybrid that has a
completely different function and hybrid then spreads
• What will be the trajectories of novel ecosystems and who will decide the
composition and restoration goals for the “designer” ecosystems?
Which novel ecosystems are okay and which ones aren’t? How do we decide if
we try to get an ecosystem back to pre-invasion condition or just to a functional
condition?
• What will the human population density and climate look like in 25 years?
• The necessity of a continual investment in new detection techniques and
controls for IS.
• Emergence of new pathogens that cause infectious diseases that influence
humans as a consequence of community shifts
Ex: West nile brought by Egyptian mosquitos or hybrids of tiger
mosquitos and native mosquitos
• Integration of new technologies
• Rise in citizen science with apps and social media
• Interagency coordination
Critical management and policy
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Grassroots (Community) level development and delivery of lists of IS impacts
to Congress
Can we develop politically meaningful metrics for IS impact (the “Carbon tax”
for invasive species).
IS Impacts as a justification for executing ecosystem management and
recovery
• Don’t understand real impacts but we spend money on certain
management strategies that may be less effective despite limited
resources
• Prioritization based on efficacy of management options, risk analysis,
and impacts
Develop a procedure to resolve when IS management is at odds with T&E
management.
Looking across the border: What are the challenges and opportunities of
international management and policy issues?
Human emotions: As impacts increase in magnitude the human response is
to get on the hot line and call politicians’ offices.
• Need to raise public concern
Location, location, location: proximity of impacts and human responses
• People care more when IS affect something nearby
• Being able to see effects or affected areas is more emphatic
• Urbanized populations result in a disconnect between people
and nature  how do we get people to care about nature?
Monitoring
• Need to be able to tell if strategies are effective
• Are we helping or hurting?
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Interdisciplinary work needed: ecologists often work in isolation and pull in
social scientists late
As IS continue to expand, we talk a little about economics but also an issue of
food and water security; there are cascading effects if you invade a place
where it’s no longer useful to cattle grazing  Loss of industry and $$
Human biocontrol
Resolve fire funding