Download North American Founders

North American Founders
I. Pre-Columbian Civilizations
• A. Where does the history of
the United States begin?
• B. The discovery of
Columbus?- Americas
inhabited prior to arrival
• C. Pre-Columbian
Civilizations?
– 1. Theory of Origins
• a. Bering Strait
– 2. Dispersal & diversity
• a. Maize
Agriculture=complex
societies
I. Pre-Columbian Civilizations
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b. 600 social systems
c. Examples:
1. In North America
– Southwest-permanent homes
– Great Plains-nomadic, teepees
– Eastern Woodlands-small villages
Anasazi
Mississippi Valley
Chaco Canyon
Cahokia Mounds
Pre-Columbian Civilizations
Examples: Meso America
Olmecs
1500 BC-300BC
Mayans 250-900 A.D.
Aztecs 1325-1521 A.D.
Tenochtitlan
Quetzacoatl
Inca
Machu Picchu, Peru
II. Did Columbus Really “Discover”
America?
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A.
B.
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C.
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Ocean Travel Possible long before 1492
Vikings 1000 AD- Christianity arrives to North America
1. Erik the Red- Greenland
2. Leif Erikson- Vinland, Christian missionary
What prepared Europeans for role as explorers of NA?
1. 1096 Crusades- organize & finance large expeditions
2. Launch explorations to Middle East and Orient in Search of Riches & Trade
• 1271 Marco Polo
– 3. Portuguese Experience
• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Trade gold, ivory, slaves in Africa- 1488
• 1498 Vasco de Gama around the coast of Africa
– 4. Christopher Columbus
• Expeditions
• Significance of 1492
• Columbian Exchange
• Two Views of Columbus
Irony of Unintended
Consequences
• Case Study: Island of
Hispaniola
• 1496 Estimated
Population1.1 million
• 50 years later 200
Exploitation in mines
Crippling effect of disease
Significance of 1492discuss
Demographic consequences of European
arrival in the Americas
• “Columbian exchange” of goods and
people
• Devastation of Indian population
– Causes
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War
Enslavement
Disease
Displacement
III. European Exploration
• 1. Americas first an obstacle
– A. Search for all water route through America
spurs explorations
• 1. Ferdinand Magellan: sailed @ South America
• 2. Vasco Nunez de Balboa: across Panama
– B. Rumors of a Northwest Passage spurs
explorations in NA
– C. But Religious wars occupy Europe until
the 1600’s so little English settlements are
established
III. European Exploration
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2. New World Extraction
– a. Spanish conquistadores- Case Study of the 3
G’s (Gold, Glory and God)
• 1. Hernando Cortez 1521
– Fall of the Aztec Empire
– Montezuma, Quetzalcoatl
– Factors: Indian allies, superior technology,
biological, psychological
• 2. Pizzaro defets Incas in Peru 1532
Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
European
Colonial
Empire
Permanent
Settlers
III. European Exploration:
impact-Religion
Lasting impact of introduction of Western Faith in Latin America today
III. European Exploration:
impact-Indian freedom, European freedom
• Indian conceptions of freedom
– Basis in collective belonging, selfdetermination, mutuality
– Absence of basis in individual autonomy,
private property
– European incomprehension of
• European conceptions of freedom
– Christian liberty
• Freedom from sin
• No freedom of religious choice
1. Spanish practice of securing an adequate and
cheap labor supply – land and Indians to work the
land “granted” to deserving subjects of the King
2. Conquistador controlled Indian populations
•Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands
•Indians often rendered personal services as well.
3. In return the conquistador was obligated to
•protect his wards
•instruct them in the Christian faith
•defend their right to use the to live off the land
4. Encomienda system eventually decimated
Indian population.
5. Repartiemento system replaced encomienda
Father Bartolomé de Las Casas
•Believed Native
Americans had been
treated harshly by the
Spanish.
•Indians could be
educated and
converted to
Christianized.
•Believed Indian
culture was advanced
as European but in
different ways.
►Advocated use of slaves from Africa,
later regretted- Dark Continent
Recap: Fate of the New World
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1492 Spain (Voyage of Columbus)
1521 Spain (Cortes conquers Mexico)
1599 Spain (Colonizes northward)
1600’s Rival settlements from France, Holland, England…etc.
• Spain’s hold on the New World uncontested for over 100 years
• Riches from New World made Spain a leading world and wealthy
power but inflation wore away at Spanish economy and had all but
dwindled by mid 1600’s. Also adventurers at sea often attacked
Spanish galleons (under Royal orders from England) for the
bullions- sea dogs: like Sir Francis Drake. The defeat of the Spanish
Armada by Protestant England sealed Spain’s fate and cemented
the virtually uncontested role Protestants would play in populating
the shores of North America.
European Exploration: The
Spanish Empire
Pueblo Revolt
– Sources of Pueblo resentment of colonial
authorities
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Labor exploitation
Pressure to convert to Catholicism
Assault on Pueblo religious traditions
Failure to protect Pueblos from drought,
external attacks
– The 1680 Revolt
• Popé
• Unity of Pueblo rebels against forced
conversions
• Defeat and ouster of Spanish colonizers
European Exploration: The
Spanish Empire
Pueblo Revolt
3.Aftermath of revolt
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Eradication of Spanish cultural presence
Collapse of Pueblo unity
Return of Spanish colonial rule
Easing of colonial practices toward Pueblos
SIGNIFICANCE: Native Americans not passive
participants of history- their resistance and efforts
to preserve land and way of life forced the
Europeans to respond and adapt their conquest
and colonization practices.
IV. France in the New World
• Principle rival to Spain
– A. Jacques Cartier (1534)
• St. Lawrence River
• Settlements abandoned
• Riches in Fur trade
• Claim established
– B. Samuel de Champlain (1608)
• Settlement at Quebec
– Huron/Algonquin Allies
• Acculturation, intermarriage
– C. Robert La Salle (1682)
• Mississippi River
• Louisiana Territory
D. Extraction vs. settlement
French Huguenots prohibited
V. Dutch in the New World
– New Amsterdam (1625)
– First Europeans to establish colonies between the Connecticut
and Delaware Rivers
– Aristocratic society with large feudal estates along the Hudson
River granted to stockholders who promised to have fifty adults
living on the estate within four years. Hard to find volunteers to
work the land.
–
Dutch Company ran the colony
– In England, James (the Duke of York) granted proprietorship
over the general area. Unable to raise enough defenders for
the colony, Gov. Stuyvesant surrendered without firing a shot.
– Colony renamed New York
VI. Background in England
• A. Political Explanation: Tudor Kings= Rise of
Nation-State/Competition & Power
– A. King Henry VIII- 1530’s
• 1. Navy
• 2. Search for an heir
– a. Catherine
– b. Anne Boleyn
• 3. Crown over Church
• 4. Protestant England
– B. Queen Elizabeth
• 1. Sea Dogs
– Sir Francis Drake
• 2. Supports colonization
– Virginia
VI. Background in England
• B. Religious Explanation: preparing the way for a Protestant
America
• Roots
– Mentality: State Churches, no freedom of conscience
– Message: Early reformers- sola fida
– Means: Gutenburg Printing Press- (moveable type) the means
allowing for the production and distribution of the Bible in mass
quantities- sola scriptura, & in own language
– Means: Cross-cultural trade and communication=spread of
movement
• Birth of the Reformation:
• Case Study: Martin Luther- 95 Thesis
VI. Background in England
• B. Religious Explanation: preparing the
way for a Protestant America
• Result of the Reformation:
– Diverse Protestant groups
– Religious wars and persecution in Europe
– Seek religious freedom- “freedom of
conscience” supports political dissent
– Examples: Separatists vs. Puritans emigrate
to America
VII. First English Attempt at
Settlement
• Private Investment:
(Not financed by Crown)
• Sir Walter Raleigh
• 3 attempts
• Failed 3rd Attempt in
1587
– Promises to return with
supplies
– Cut off by Spanish
Armada
– Mysterious
disappearance
• Croatoan
VIII. The Lure of Colonization
Push/Pull Factors to America
• 1. Cheap Land
– Enclosure Movement in England
– Overpopulated
– Rising Prices
• 2. Economic Opportunity
– Rigid class system in Eng.
– Aspiration & ambition
– Laws of entail & primogeniture
• 3. Religious Freedom
• 4. Prior Experience
– Conquest of Ireland
IX. First English Settlements
• A. What factors will help influence the fate of the first
English settlements?
• B. Survival Experiences
– Geography
– Climate
– Flora & fauna
– Needs: food, shelter, protection
• C. Dependency on tribes
– Peace v. aggression
• Result: 3 Distinct Colonial Regions
– New England, Middle & Southern Colonies