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Dr. Vince Scialli
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EXAM 4 – STUDY GUIDE
This guide is intended to provide you with direction into areas of importance. The questions included are the
type you will see on your exam. Some questions include answer choices while others are intended for you to
figure out. Try and understand why a particular choice is incorrect or why a particular choice is correct. Do
not memorize answers since some choices and answer sequence order will be changed on the exam. This
guide is intended to complement your lecture attendance, reading and note taking . . . not replace it.
Spinal Cord
1.
Polysynaptic reflexes can produce more complicated responses than can monosynaptic reflexes because?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
many interneurons involved can control several muscle groups
the response time is quicker
the response is initiated by highly sensitive receptors
motor neurons carry impulses at a faster rate than sensory neurons
ipsilateral reflexes are usually involved
Proceeding inward from the outermost layer or tissue, which is/are a correct sequence?
epidural space, dura mater, sub dural space, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, pia mater, spinal cord
3. Polysynaptic reflexes usually?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
have reverberating circuits that prolong the reflexive motor response
involve pools of interneurons
involve reciprocal inhibition
involve contralateral reflexes
all may be correct
4.
Reflex arcs in which sensory stimulus and the motor response occur on the same side of the body are?
Answer not given
5.
Reflex arcs in which sensory stimulus and the motor response occur on opposites sides of the body are?
Answer not given
6.
The contraction of flexor muscles and the relaxation of extensor muscles is/are called?
reciprocal inhibition
7.
The expanded area of the spinal cord that supplies nerves to the pectoral girdle and arms is?
Answer not given
8.
The ventral roots of each spinal segment?
control peripheral effectors such as skeletal muscle via efferent pathways & contain the axons of
somatic motor and visceral motor neurons
9.
Spinal nerves are called mixed nerves because they?
Contain both sensory & motor neurons & axons
10. What anatomical structure extends from the pia mater to the dura mater and attaches to the vertebral canal,
preventing lateral movement of the spinal cord?
denticulate ligament
11. The tough, fibrous outermost layer surrounding the spinal cord is the?
Dura mater
12. The thin connective tissue layer attached to and covering the spinal cord that forms one of the boundaries of the
subarachnoid space is?
Pia mater
13. The white matter of the spinal cord is dominated by?
myelinated axons, columns and tracts
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Dr. Vince Scialli
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14. The layer of connective tissue that surrounds each spinal nerve fascicle is?
Answer not given
15. A diagnostic sensory region of the skin monitored by a single spinal segment that maps specific skin sensitivities
and sensations is a?
Answer not given
16. The major nerve of the cervical plexus that innervates the diaphragm is the?
The phrenic nerve which comes off the spinal cord at spinal segment C-3
17. Both the femoral nerve and sciatic nerve are major nerves that are processed by what part of the spinal cord?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
sciatic plexus
lumbosacral plexus
lumbar plexus
lumbar enlargement
c and d
18. The synapse of one neuron onto several post-synaptic neurons is called ?
divergence
19. The reflexes that control the most-rapid, type-A fiber, specific motor response of the nervous system to stimuli
are?
monosynaptic reflexes or patellar reflexes
20. Gray matter of the central nervous system composes all of the following, except?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
neural cortex
neural centers
nuclei
neural tracts and columns
spinal cord horns
21. White matter of the nervous system composes all of the following, except?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
neural pathways
neural tracts and columns
spinal nerves
dorsal and ventral gray horns of spinal cord
femoral and sciatic nerves
22. White matter that connects the brain with other organs and systems include?
neural pathways, neural tracts and columns
23. The spinal cord is approximately 18 inches long in adults even though the vertebral column is significantly longer,
because?
Answer not given
24. The end of the spinal cord has (a) certain identifying characteristic(s), including?
the conus medullaris
25. Which statement (s) is/are correct about the spinal cord?
there are 7 cervical vertebrae and 8 cervical spinal segments
26. Spinal cord segment C-1 comes off the spinal cord?
above C-1 vertebrae and inferior to the foramen magnum
27. The adipose connective tissue and vessel layer in the vertebral canal that is frequently a site for local anesthetic
injections is called the?
Answer not given
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Dr. Vince Scialli
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28. Which statement(s) regarding spinal taps of CSF is/are not correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
the subarachnoid space is the common site for this process
the epidural space is the common site for this process
L3-L4 and L4-L5 are common sites for this process since they have the most space
the cauda equina can be anatomically involved in this process
spinal taps are frequently used for diagnostic reasons
29. Which statement is correct regarding the order of spinal cord layers from innermost to outermost?
Spinal cord, pia mater, sub arachnoid space, arachnoid, sub dural space, dura mater, epidural
space, vertebral canal
30. This strand of fibrous tissue provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament?
Filum terminale
31. The specialized membranes that protect the spinal cord are termed?
Spinal meninges made up of dura mater, arachnoid mater & pia mater
32. Blood vessels directly supplying the spinal cord run along the surface of the?
pia mater
33. The epidural space contains?
adipose tissue and blood vessels
34. The subdural space?
separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater
35. Side to side movements of the spinal cord are prevented by the?
Denticulate ligaments
36. The gray matter horns of the spinal cord contain?
nerve cell bodies and nuclei
37. The posterior or dorsal gray horns of the spinal cord contain?
somatic sensory and visceral sensory nuclei
38. The anterior or ventral gray horns of the spinal cord contain?
somatic motor and visceral motor nuclei
39. Ascending tracts carry?
Sensory information to the brain
40. If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
motor control of skeletal muscles would be interrupted
motor control of visceral organs would be impaired
the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level
the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord
incoming sensory information to the spinal cord would be disrupted
41 In diagnosing bacterial and viral infections of the nervous system, samples of cerebrospinal fluid are extracted for
analysis. This procedure would withdraw fluid from the?
Answer not given
42. In a procedure known as a myelogram?
a radiopaque dye is injected into the subarachnoid space at L3-L4 or lower
43. A person suffering from a spinal injury could exhibit any of the following symptoms, except?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
no visual, auditory reflexes or vasomotor reflexes
no somatic spinal reflexes
no visceral spinal reflexes
no perception of pain or external temperature
flaccid skeletal muscles
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44. In which of type of reflex would the following would the delay between stimulus and response be greater?
Answer not given
45. A person contracts a viral disease that destroys some of the cells in the anterior or ventral gray horns in the
lumbar region of the spinal cord. What symptoms would be expected?
Answer not given
46. A person suffers a serious injury that severs or crushes most of the cells in the spinal cord at the level of spinal
segment C-2. What symptoms would be expected?
Answer not given
47. A person suffers a serious injury that severs or crushes most of the cells in the spinal cord at the level of spinal
segment C-5. All the following symptoms would be expected, except?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
inability to move the arms
inability to move the legs
quadriplegia
inability to breathe
paraplegia
48. A person suffers a serious injury that severs or crushes most of the cells in the spinal cord at the level of spinal
segment T-5. What symptoms would be expected?
Answer not given
49. Why would a person who suffers a severe injury to the spinal cord at the level of C-3 or above, lose all sensory
and motor function below that level, but still maintain normal heart, liver, kidney, and digestive functions? (could be
more than one correct answer)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
vital organ function is totally controlled by autonomic reflexes, not the spinal cord
vital organ function is controlled by the vagus nerve which is a cranial nerve
vital organ function is controlled by the phrenic nerve which comes off segment C-3
the spinal cord has no control over those vital organs mentioned above
b and d
50. Which paired association regarding spinal nerve rami is not correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Dorsal Ramus ~ sensory and motor fibers, innervates skin & back muscles
Ventral Ramus ~ sensory and motor fibers, innervates ventral body surfaces & limbs
Rami Communicantes ~ mixed fibers, innervates thoracic & abdominopelvic cavity
Dorsal Ramus ~ somatic sensory and visceral sensory fibers only
51. The correct order of formation of nerve plexuses from innermost to outer most structures are?
Spinal cord, rootlets, roots, spinal nerves, rami, trunks, cords, peripheral nerves
52. Which association regarding spinal nerve plexuses is not correct? (may be more than one correct answer)
Be careful . . . know the plexuses. . . this question may change on the exam
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cervical plexus ~ C1-C5, neck muscles, phrenic nerve at C-3, diaphragm innervation
Brachial plexus ~ C5-T1, upper limbs, radial nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve
Lumbar plexus ~ L1-L4, pelvic area and lower limbs, femoral nerve
Sacral plexus ~ L4-S4, pubic area and lower limbs, sciatic nerve, lumbrosacral joint
53. Which of the reflexes listed below is not an innate reflex?
Answer not given ~ know which reflexes are innate & which are acquired
54. Which homeostatic imbalance association(s) is/are not correct? (could be more than one answer)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Meningitis ~ inflammation of the spinal or cranial meninges
Polio ~ demyelination of spinal nerves and spinal cord white matter
Multiple Sclerosis ~ destruction of somatic motor neurons by polio virus
Quadriplegia and paraplegia ~ loss of motor control to limbs
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The Brain
55. The regulation and control of non-reflex autonomic functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure and respiration,
originates in the?
diencephalon
56. The smooth surface layer that covers the brain but does not follow the underlying neural convolutions or sulci is
the?
Arachnoid Mater
57. The meningeal layer that adheres to the surface contour of the brain, extending into every fold and curve, and is
highly vascular is the?
Answer not given
58. The large, deep dural fold that divides the two cerebral hemispheres is the?
Falx cerebri or Longitudinal Fissure (not the falx cerebelli)
59. Cerebral spinal fluid is produced and secreted by the?
ependymal neuroglia cells in the choroid plexus
60. The primary purpose of the blood brain barrier is to?
isolate neural tissue in the CNS from the general circulation
61. The center(s) of the pons that modify the activity of the respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata
is/are the?
Answer not given
62. Two hormones produced in the hypothalamus but secreted by the pituitary gland are?
a. adrenalin and acetylcholine
b. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
c. melatonin and melanin
d. testosterone and estrogen
e. insulin and pyruvic acid
63. The final relay point for ascending sensory information that will be projected to the primary sensory cortex is the?
Answer not given
64. The establishment of an emotional state and motivation is a function of the?
Name the non-structural system in the brain
65. Coordination of learned movement patterns and fine muscle movement at the subconscious level is performed
by?
a. association fibers
b. vasomotor centers
c. the cerebellum
d. the cerebral cortex
e. interneurons
66. A person with a damaged visual association area may be?
able to see letters but unable to recognize or interpret them
67. How many cranial nerves are there?
Answer not given . . . it asks how many cranial nerves, not pairs
68. The only cranial nerve(s) that are attached to the cerebrum is/are the?
Answer not given . . .cranial nerve I
69. The cranial nerve that has three branches is?
a. optic
b. facial
c. vagus
d. trigeminal
e. phrenic
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70. Damage to which of the following cranial nerves could result in death?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
vagus nerve
phrenic nerve
optic nerve
auditory nerve
olfactory nerve
71. When compared to the spinal cord, the arrangement of white matter and gray matter in the medulla is similar with
the exception of?
Answer not given
72. Damage to the pyramidal cells of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex would directly affect?
a.
b.
c.
d.
sensory perception of pain
sight
voluntary somatic motor activity
hearing
73. Damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex would directly affect?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
conscious perception of hearing ~ auditory cortex
conscious perception of vision ~ visual cortex
conscious perception of smell ~ olfactory cortex
voluntary motor activity
a and c
74. Damage to the pre-optic area of the hypothalamus (diencephalon) would result in?
an inability to adjust body temperature
75. Damage to the corpra quadrigemina of the mesencephalon would interfere with the ability to?
react to the bright headlights of an approaching car & react to loud noises from thunder
76. Parkinson’s disease is the result of?
inadequate amounts of dopamine from the substantial nigra of the mesencephalon
77. Brain tissue containing large amounts of branched purkinje cells would likely come from the?
Answer not given
78. A tumor or blockage of the interventricular foramen in the left cerebral hemisphere would result in ?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
decreased production of cerebral spinal fluid
increased production of cerebrospinal fluid
hydrocephalus, especially on the right side of the brain
cerebrospinal fluid build up in the left lateral ventricle
decreased flow of cerebrospinal fluid into the spinal cord
79. A person who suffers a stroke cannot move their right arm as a result. This would suggest that the stroke
damage is in the area of the?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
right frontal lobe ~ motor cortex
left frontal lobe ~ motor cortex
right temporal lobe
left temporal lobe
parietal lobe ~ sensory cortex
80. An injury or blow to the head results in some local swelling in the area of pyramidal cells of the frontal lobe of the
cerebral cortex (motor cortex). Symptoms would likely include?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
loss of feeling in the hands
difficulty moving the legs
stop breathing
loss of consciousness
blurred vision
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81. A tumor that results in violent mood swings, feeling of well being, and lack of motivation would likely involve the?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
limbic system
medulla oblongata
cerebellum
pons
spinal cord
82. A severe blow to the back of the head resulting in a comatose state will likely cause damage to the?
brain stem & reticular formation
83. A cerebrovascular accident such as a thrombosis or occlusion occurs when?
the blood supply to a portion of the brain is cut off causing a lack of oxygen
84. Increased production and release of acetylcholine by the neurons of the motor nuclei of the cerebral cortex would
result in?
Answer not given
85. Primary brain cancers usually involve what type of brain cells?
Neuroglia or _____ cells ?
86. Demyelination disorder(s) caused by progressive destruction of the myelin sheath in the CNS and PNS, and
resulting in a numbing paralysis is/are?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
rabies
multiple sclerosis
muscular dystrophy
spastic paralysis
a and c
87. Peripheral nerve regeneration is very limited and rare due to?
Answer not given
88. The general interpretive area of the brain?
allows us to interpret what is read or heard
89. Motivation and ability to predict consequences of our actions are localized in the?
a. prefrontal cortex
b. speech center or Broca’s Area
c. cerebellum
d. medulla oblongata
e. general interpretive area
90. Visual and auditory information are processed by the?
Mid brain or mesencephalon
91. The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem are located in the ?
Pons
92. The brain stem is composed of?
Answer not given
93. Major centers concerned with vital autonomic reflex control of breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, digestive
activities and other vital reflexes are located in the?
Answer not given
94. A neural cortex is found on the surface or surfaces of?
Answer not given
95. Which of the following represents the primary link between the nervous and endocrine system?
Answer not given
96. The thin partition that separates the lateral ventricles of the brain is the?
Answer not given
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97. The lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through the?
Answer not given
98. The third and forth ventricles are linked by the?
Answer not given
99. The dural sinuses are located in the?
dura mater
100. What contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates?
Answer not given
101. Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
provides cushioning for delicate neural tissue
provides buoyant support for the brain and spinal cord
acts as a transport medium for nutrients
provides a medium for nerve impulse transmission
acts as a transport medium for chemical messengers
102. Cerebrospinal fluid?
is secreted by ependymal cells ~ neuroglia and replaces itself approximately every 8 hours
103. The normal circulation route of cerebral spinal fluid from production to absorbtion is?
Ependymal cells, choroid plexus, brain ventricles, central canal, subarachnoid space, sinuses, veins
104. Excess cerebrospinal fluid is drained into the general venous circulation via the?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
superior saggital sinus and jugular vein
superior saggital sinus and carotid arteries
jugular vein and carotid arteries
choroid plexus
arterial circulation
105. Which of the following is not true about the blood-brain barrier?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
capillary endothelial cells are interconnected by tight junctions
it is generally permeable to lipid-soluble compounds such as CO2 and O2
astrocytes surround the CNS capillaries and inhibit diffusion
it is freely permeable and allows selective flow of hormones and ions into the CNS
it is absent in portions of the brain such as the hypothalamus and choroid plexus
106. Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium
are functions of the?
Answer not given
107. The structural component of the cerebellum that monitors incoming sensations to the brain including
proprioceptive, visual, tactile, balance & auditory senses is the?
Answer not given
108. The structural component of the cerebellum, that is affected by alcohol, drugs, strokes and trauma, thus,
resulting in balance disturbances or ataxia is the?
Answer not given
109. Regions of the brain that are involved in interpreting data or coordinating motor responses are called?
association areas
110. The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing
somatic sensory and motor information is the?
cerebrum
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Dr. Vince Scialli
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111. Abstract intellectual functions such as predicting the consequences of a particular response occur in the?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus
premotor cortex
prefrontal cortex
corpus callosum
112. The corpus callosum is composed of?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
arcuate fibers
longitudinal fibers
association fibers
commissural fibers
projection fibers
113. The simplest reflexes are mediated at the level of the?
Answer not given
114. The highest levels of information processing occur in the?
Answer not given
115. Higher order functions?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
are subject to adjustments and modifications over time
involve complex interactions between areas of the cortex and other areas of the brain
involve conscious information processing
involve unconscious information processing
all of the above
116. The basal or cerebral nuclei?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
plan and coordinate voluntary muscle activity
provide the general pattern and rhythm for subconscious movements such as walking
coordinate sensory information
control the secretions from the pituitary gland
control respiration and blood pressure
117. The order of complexity of brain regions, from least complex to most complex is?
Answer not given
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