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8th Grade Health Unit Test 1 - Human Anatomy Review Sheet Name: ____________ Test Date:__________ 1. Skeleton: The Body’s Framework a. Muscles – ALLOW MOVEMENT b. Organs – A GROUP OF TISSUES WORKING TOGETHER AT A COMMON JOB c. How many bones make up the human body? 206 d. What is the largest bone in the body? FEMUR 2. Skull – A box for the brain a. Cranium – THE TOP PART OF THE SKULL THAT SURROUNDS THE BRAIN b. What is the purpose of the skull? PROTECT THE BRAIN c. What are the large soft spots called on an infant’s skull? FONTANELLES 3. Spine a. How many vertebrae are there? 33 b. ___7__ Cervical __12___ Thoracic __5___ Lumber ___5__ Fused Sacral __4___ Coccygeal c. What are the functions of the Atlas – ALLOWS YOUR HEAD TO MOVE UP/DOWN Axis – ALLOWS YOUR HEAD TO ROTATE SIDE TO SIDE d. What does the spine protect? THE SPINAL CORD 4. Inside Bones a. What are bones made of? MINERALS AND COLLAGEN b. Minerals – MAKE BONES HARD c. Collagen – MAKE BONES ELASTIC d. Bone Marrow – IN THE MIDDLE OF BONES AND IT MAKES RED BLOOD CELLS e. What is osteoporosis? A DISEASE IN WHICH BONES LOSE CALCIUM, BECOME BRITTLE, AND BREAK 5. Muscles a. Joints – PLACE WHERE TWO BONES MEET b. Tendons – CONNECTS MUSCLE TO BONE LIGAMENTS – CONNECTS BONE TO BONE c. Cardiac – INVOLUNTARY STRIATED MUSCLE THAT IS FOUND ONLY IN THE HEART d. Smooth – INVOLUNTARY NON STRIATED MUSCLE THAT IS FOUND IN THE ORGANS e. Skeletal – VOLUNTARY STRIATED MUSCLE THAT ALLOWS ORGANS TO MOVE AND SUPPORTS THE SKELETON 6. The Brain a. Cerebrum – LARGEST PART OF THE BRAIN THAT CONTROLS MUSCLES AND STORES MEMORY…WHERE THINKING TAKES PLACE b. Hypothalamus – THE PART OF THE BRAIN THAT MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASTIS. REGULATES BODY TEMP HEART RATE, HUNGER, AND THIRST, AND WITH THE PITUITARY GLAND, REGULATES GROWTH AND SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT c. Brainstem – CONTROLS BASIC LIFE FUNCTIONS SUCH AS BREATHING, HEART BEAT, AND SWALLOWING d. Cerebellum – CONTROLS BALANCE AND COORDINATION e. Pituitary Gland – CONTROLS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT f. Frontal Lobe – CONTROLS MOTOR ACTIVITY, SPEECH, AND THOUGHT. CONSCIOUS THOUGHT; INVOLVED IN PLANNING, ORGANIZING, PROBLEM SOLVING. PERSONALITY. g. Occipital Lobe – CONTROLS VISUAL PROCESSING h. Temporal Lobe – SENSE OF SMELL, SOUND, AND VISUAL MEMORY i. Parietal Lobe – SPATIAL AWARENESS. RESPONSIBLE FOR SENSE OF TOUCH OR MANIPULATION OF OBJECTS. 7. Heart/Pumping Blood a. Circulatory System – CIRCULATES BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY b. Veins carry blood ___TOWARDS_______ the heart Arteries carry blood _____AWAY_____ from the heart c. Aorta – LARGEST ARTERY IN THE HEART d. Main organ of the circulatory system – THE HEART e. Ventricle – LOWER CHAMBERS OF THE HEART f. Atrium – UPPER CHAMBERS OF THE HEART g. Pulmonary Artery – CARRIES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD TO THE LUNGS h. Pulmonary Vein – CARRIES OXYGENATED BLOOD OUT OF THE LUNGS i. Valves – OPEN AND CLOSE TO ALLOW BLOOD TO FLOW IN ONE DIRECTION j. Septum – THICK WALL THAT SEPERATES THE LEFT SIDE AND RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART k. Superior / Inferior Vena Cava – l. Three main parts of the circulatory system – i. HEART ii. BLOOD iii. BLOOD VESSELS m. Red blood cells – CARRIES OXYGEN FROM LUNGS TO CELLS n. White blood cells – HELPS FIGHT INFECTION o. Platelets – CREATES BLOOD CLOTS AND STOPS BLEEDING 8. Lungs – SPONGE-LIKE RESPIRATORY ORGANS a. Respiratory System – BODIES BREATHING SYSTEM b. Diaphragm – MUSCLE THAT MOVES UP AND DOWN TO HELP LUNGS PULL AIR INTO AND PUSH AIR OUT OF THE BODY c. Alveoli – TINY AIR SACS WITHIN THE LUNGS d. Larynx – THE PART OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM THAT HELPS US SPEAK KNOWN AS THE VOICE BOX e. Bronchi – THE TWO BRANCHES OF THE WINDPIPE THAT PULL AIR IN AND OUT OF THE LUNGS 9. Kidneys - TWO ORGANS THAT FILTER WASTES FROM THE BLOOD a. Ureter – TRANSPORTS WASTES (WATER, SLATS, UREA) FROM KIDNEY (RENAL PELVIS) TO BLADDER b. How much of urine is made up of water? 95% (2.5% UREA; 2.5% OTHER) c. Urethra – OPENING WHERE URINE LEAVES THE BODY d. Urea – LIQUID WASTE FOUND IN BLOODSTREAM 10. Liver – LARGEST ORGAN INSIDE THE BODY, WHICH PRODUCES BILE AND FILTERS TOXINS OUT OF NUTRIENT RICH BLOOD 11. Small Intestine – MAJOR SITE OF DIGESTION AND ABSORBS NUTRIENTS FROM FOOD 12. Large Intestine (colon) - RECEIVES WASTE FROM SMALL INTESTINE ABSORBS WATER AND SOLIDIFIES STOOL 13. Pancreas – RELEASES DIGESTIVE ENZYMES INTO THE SMALL INTESTINE TO HELP DIGEST CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEIN, AND FAT 14. Gallbladder – STORES BILE 15. Esophagus – TRANSPORTS FOOD FROM MOUTH INTO STOMACH 16. Stomach – ACTS AS A RESERVOIR FOR THE FOOD WE EAT AND SECRETES ACID AND ENZYMES TO LIQUEFY FOOD 17. PATHWAY OF DIGESTION – MOUTH – ESOPHAGUS – STOMACH – SMALL INTESTINE – LIVER - LARGE INTESTINE – RECTUM - ANUS