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Standard 8-3 Vocabulary Key 8-3.1: Upcountry vs. Lowcountry Lowcountry the area that surrounded the city of Charleston along the Atlantic coast of South Carolina (Coastal Zone & Coastal Plains) Upcountry area in the northwestern part of South Carolina (Piedmont & Blue Ridge regions) Cotton gin machine which separates cotton fibers from the seeds It uses a combination of a wire screen and small wire hooks to pull the cotton through the screen, while brushes continuously remove the loose cotton lint to prevent jams. The term "gin" is an abbreviation for engine, and means "device". 8-3.2: Constitutional Convention Constitution of 1787 a set of fundamental principles that make up the written framework for the government of the United States Philadelphia Convention (now also known as the Constitutional Convention, the Constitutional Congress or the Federal Convention, or the "Grand Convention at Philadelphia") took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to address problems in governing the United States of America, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from Great Britain. Although the Convention was purportedly intended only to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was from the outset to create a new government rather than "fix" the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the convention. The result of the Convention was the United States Constitution. The Convention is one of the central events in the history of the United States Virginia Plan plan for government proposed at the Constitutional Convention in which the national government would have three branches (executive, legislative, judicial) and representation would be determined by state population New Jersey Plan proposal to create a unicameral (one house) government with each state having one vote Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) agreement between large and small states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It proposed a bicameral legislature, resulting in the current United States Senate and House of Representatives. Three-Fifths Compromise a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. It was proposed by delegate James Wilson. Commerce Compromise A compromise that promised that the federal government would not tax exports or attempt to regulate the international slave trade for at least 20 years. Bill of Rights The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution that guarantee the fundamental rights and privileges of US citizens Federalists Statesmen and public figures supporting ratification of the proposed Constitution of the United States between 1787 and 1789 anti-Federalists One of party opposed to a federative government; -- applied particularly to the party which opposed the adoption of the constitution of the United States 8-3.3: Principles of Government Articles of Confederation preliminary constitution of the United States in effect between 1781-1789 (replaced by the current U.S. Constitution in 1789) Constitution written framework of government for the United States Bill of Rights (8-3.2) The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution that guarantee the fundamental rights and privileges of US citizens Legislative Branch the branch of the United States government that has the power to pass, amend, and repeal laws Congress – House of Representative and Senate Judicial Branch branch of the United States Government that includes the courts of law that interprets law Supreme Court Executive Branch branch of the United States Government that is composed of the President and his staff (Vice President, Cabinet members, etc.) that is responsible for carrying out the laws 8-3.4: Issues of the Early 1800’s National Bank The First Bank of the United States was a central bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. Establishment of the Bank was included in a three-part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power (along with a federal mint and excise taxes) championed by Alexander Hamilton. Most of the Southern members of Congress had any particular interest in Hamilton's recommendations: the establishing of an official government Mint, and the chartering of the Bank of the United States. They believed this centralization of power away from local banks was dangerous to a sound monetary system and was mostly to the benefit of business interests in the commercial north, not southern agricultural interests, arguing that the right to own property would be infringed by these proposals. Furthermore, they contended that the creation of such a bank violated the Constitution, which specifically stated that congress was to regulate weights and measures and issue coined money (rather than mint and bills of credit). Federalists The Federalist Party was the first American political party, from the early 1790s to 1816. The Federalist policies called for a national bank, tariffs, and good relations with Britain. Hamilton developed the concept of implied powers, and successfully argued the adoption of that interpretation of the United States Constitution. Democratic-Republicans The Democratic-Republican Party, was the political party organized by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1791. It stood in opposition to the Federalist Party. It ruled the USA from 1800 to 1825. The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast; it favored states' rights and the rights of the yeoman (small) farmers. X, Y, Z Affair The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798. An American diplomatic commission was sent to France in July 1797 to negotiate issues that were threatening to break out into war. The diplomats, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry, were approached through informal channels by agents of the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand, who demanded bribes and a loan before formal negotiations could begin. The Americans were offended by them, and eventually left France without ever engaging in formal negotiations. The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the aftermath of the French Revolution. Alien and Sedition Acts states’ rights doctrine According to this theory, the federal union is a voluntary association of states, and if the central government goes too far each state has the right to nullify that law. Embargo Act The Embargo Act of 1807 was a general embargo enacted by the United States Congress against Great Britain and France. The embargo was a financial disaster for the Americans. War of 1812 The War of 1812 was a military conflict fought between the forces of the United States of America and those of the British Empire. The Americans declared war in 1812 for several reasons, including trade restrictions brought about by Britain's ongoing war with France, the impressment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, outrage over insults to national honour after humiliations on the high seas and possible American desire to annex Canada. War Hawk person who advocates for war (in particular an American jingo that favored war with Great Britain around 1812)