Download Ancient Greece PPT

A. GEOGRAPHY


Mountains & Islands
dominated Greece
Greeks became
Seafarers
• Aegean (East)
• Ionian (West)
MAP
 Established
on Crete
 Named
after King Minos, a legendary
King of Crete.
 Capital: Knossos
 Its
downfall is unknown.
 Historians believe it was either caused by
a tsunami (from a volcanic eruption on
the island of Thera) or by the invasion of
the Mycenaeans (mainland Greeks)
 The
first Greek
State (1600-1100 B.C.)
 Mainland Greeks of
the Bronze Age (2000-1200)
 Named for its
leading city, Mycenae
 Homer, the
famous Mycenaean bard
(wandering poet) told us about its
warrior-like culture that emphasized the
ideal of arête (to strive for excellence,
courage, to show fame & honor)
 Two
of Homer’s (assumed) works:
• The Iliad
• The Odyssey
The Cyclops
 Its
downfall
occurred when
the Mycenaean
states fought
each other.
 Ruled
by the Dorians
 Trade decreased and little progress was
made in the world, although iron
displaced bronze during this time
 Records were lost, so little is known about
it.
 A. Rise
of the polis
(city-states)
 Created because
geography prevented
it from uniting
 Population varied:
HundredSeveral thousand
A
fortified hilltop (also where the
Parthenon is built) that included religious
or other public buildings.
 Marketplace, where
their time
men spent most of
 Citizens
with political
rights (adult males)
 Citizens without
political rights
(women & children)
 Non-citizens (slaves
& resident aliens)
 Hoplites:
Infantry (foot
soldiers) who carried a
shield, sword, and spear
 Phalanx: Hoplites fought
shoulder to shoulder in a
formation
 Sparta
conquered and enslaved nearby
Locanians and Messenians, called
“helots.”
 Sparta created a military state to counter
the threat of revolt from the helots
 War was extremely important
 Spartans led tough lives
• Little food
• Males forced into military service
 Oligarchy:
Rule by few
2 (military) Kings  7 “administrators”
 Athens
in crisis
 The reformer, Solon, was appointed
leader in 594 B.C. to hand the crisis. He
canceled the debts.
 Cleisthenes
was appointed in 508 B.C. to
be leader of Athens.
 Cleisthenes’ reforms laid the foundation
for Athenian democracy
 Athens type of government:
• Democracy: A government in which ALL citizens
took part.
ATHENS
Society grew into a limited
democracy, or government
by the people.
Male citizens over age 30
were members of the
assembly.
Rulers encouraged trade
with other city-states.
Women were considered
inferior.
Boys received education in
many areas, not just
military training.
SPARTA
Rulers were two kings and a
council of elders.
Rulers formed a military
society.
Conquered people were
turned into slaves, called
helots.
Rulers forbade trade and
travel.
Male, native-born Spartans
over age 30 were citizens.
All boys received military
training.
Girls were raised to produce
healthy sons for the army.
Women had the right to
inherit property.
 A. Persian
Kings Darius & Xerxes
challenged the Greeks
Nike!?
 After
the Persian defeat, Athens
became the leader of the Greek world.
The Athenians formed a defensive
alliance called the Delian League.
 Pericles
(461 B.C.) was
Athens’ leading
statesman during
Athens’ golden age.
 Under
his
leadership
art
(architecture,
statues) and
drama
(tragedies)
flourished.
Causes
Effects
Many Greeks outside of Athenian domination of
the Greek world ended.
Athens resented
Athenian domination.
Athens recovered
Sparta formed the
Peloponnesian League
to rival the Delian
League.
Sparta encouraged
oligarchy, while Athens
supported democracy.
economically and
remained the cultural
center of Greece.
Democratic government
suffered.
Corruption and selfish
interests replaced older
ideals such as service to
the city-state.
 Athens
planned to win by staying behind
its walls and receiving supplies from its
colonies & powerful navy. The Spartans
surrounded Athens and hoped the
Athenian army would come out & fight.
Pericles knew the Spartan army would
win in open battle, so he stayed behind
Athenian walls.
 Main
cause: Fear of Athenian imperialism
 Athenian alliance relied on its strong
navy, Spartan alliance on its strong army.
 The war fell into 2 periods:
• Fighting broke out in 431 B.C. with Pericles as
commander of Athenians
• In the first 10 yrs, Archidamus led the Spartans to
defeats.
• Then, the plague hit Athens in 429 B.C.—killing
Pericles & much of the army
 421: Both
states agreed to accept the
Peace of Nicias.
 This lasted 6 years, until Athens launched
its disastrous Sicilian expedition.
 By 413, Athens’ forces were demolished.
 In 411, an oligarchy briefly took power.
When democratic leaders were restored
by the navy later that year, they refused
Spartan peace offers.
 The War continued until 405
 In
405: The Athenian navy was destroyed
with Persian help.
 Under blockade, Athens surrendered in
404.
 Its empire was dismantled
 In
429 B.C.. A plague broke out in Athens,
killing 1/3 of the citizens, including
Pericles.
 Nevertheless, the
Athenians fought on,
but were defeated 25 years later
 This
war decimated the Greeks and
allowed the Macedonians to later
conquer them
 Hellenism: Greek
culture, which focused
on self.
 Examples:
• They held the Olympics every 4 years (begun
776 B.C.)
Atlas
Zeus
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
A
non-Greek—from Macedonia—he was
mostly responsible for spreading
Hellenism.
 The
first historian of the world
(researcher, storyteller). He wrote a book
called History of the Persian Wars.
A
doctor who wrote the Hippocratic Oath