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SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT in the Social Sciences PSYCHOLOGY Psycho-dynamic – focus on resolving patient’s conflicted conscious and unconscious thoughts/feelings (Psycho-analysis: Sigmund Freud was the ‘father’ of this method) • according to this theory the mind is divided into two parts…..the conscious and the unconscious (not aware of). Specifically the mind is further developed into 3 parts, the id (unconscious – I want what I want, now! Devil on the shoulder), ego and superego (conscience – ‘angel on the shoulder’) *KEY to understanding human behaviour is ‘unlocking’ the unconscious mind and resolving conflicts* - “talk therapy” (cognitive behavioural therapy) - may include dream-analysis Behavioural (Behaviourism) • the branch of psychology that tries to control / regulate human behaviour by identifying the factors that motivate it in the first place/need empirical evidence obtained through experimentation E. G. Albert Bandura and his Bobo doll experiment Children watched a video of an adult punching/hitting a doll (control group did not view a video), and then levels of aggression were measured in the children Children who saw the video, had significantly increased levels of aggression; control was not a significant change Children who saw the violence, but the adult was reprimanded, had a slight decrease in levels of violence ___________________________________________________ Humanist - developed out of patient relationship idea of therapy (clinical psychology) - believe client should have a significant contribution in their therapy (direction of, etc.) - meant to empower the patient - *huge shift in methodology* - e.g. Abraham Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs) o working towards ‘self-actualization’ (means reaching your full potential) o need to meet basic physiological psychological needs in order to work our way to self-actualization Cognitive - the school of thought related to learning/learning potential - most behaviour is learned, therefore learning process is most relevant to psychology - often combined/paired with Behavioural (Behaviourism) *Experimental Psychology – experiments set up and carried out (manipulating variables) to learn the likely results *Clinical Psychology – dealing with actual patients and their treatment plan/process ANTHROPOLOGY Functionalism • according to functionalists, all cultures are set up to deal with the universal problems that human societies face (physical, or psychological needs) • societies must have a set standard of laws and practices to provide stability. These are referred to as social institutions • functionalists investigate the social function of institutions i.e.) what is the purpose? How are they run? • a fundamental belief is that society is a logical institution and functions in the best interest by the needs of the majority • culture then must be logical ----although a society’s practices may at first seem strange to the outsider, functionalists believe that the role of anthropologists is to explain not judge Feminist *see Anthropology Graphic Organizer* Post-Modernist *see Anthropology Graphic Organizer* Cultural Relativism *see Anthropology Graphic Organizer* Cultural Materialism • according to cultural materialists, technology and economic factors are the most important ones in moulding a society. They also believe that types of technology and economic methods that are adopted always determine the type of society that develops. This is known as determinism. SOCIOLOGY Structural Functionalism • the idea that human societies have basic needs that must be met, and they are stable when social institutions needs are met (e.g. school, family, religion, etc.) • a change in one thing in society will cause a change in something else therefore disrupting social cohesion - focus on the idea that institutions exist for a positive function (this school of thought has been criticized for not being able to explain things like poverty, racism) E.g. Emile Durkheim (studied forces that unit individuals in society, as he saw people essentially as social beings; famous for his studies on suicide) Feminist • focuses on sex and gender issues, believing that women have traditionally been disadvantaged in society because men have discriminated against them - 20th/21st Century feminism focuses on how traditionally men have controlled the workforce/workplace, finances, reproductive rights/choices Symbolic Interactionism • subscribes to the idea that humans have complex brains and little instinctive behaviour; studies human interaction at the micro-level (individuals) - the individual is the key to understanding society • individuals interpret what they see in society and internalize it and give it meaning for themselves • therefore, values and beliefs differ from person to person E.g. Max Weber – theory called ‘rationalization’ (we defend our choices/actions based on how we interpret the situation) Conflict - studies competition/conflict between groups for power, resources, and other benefits; these things drive society and personal actions - gender and money are common basis competition E.g. Karl Marx – concentrated on ‘class conflict’ (rich v. poor) - said conflict between classes created isolation and thus results in disruption, rebellion (and then social evolution)