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Name Date Class GUIDED READING ACTIVITY 8-1 The Culture of Ancient Greece Directions: Reading for Accuracy Reading the section and completing the activity below will help you learn more about the culture of ancient Greece. Use your textbook to decide if a statement is true or false. Write T or F in the blank, and if a statement is false, rewrite it correctly on the line. 1. The Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses. 2. Zeus, the chief god, lived by himself on Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. 3. An oracle was a scared shrine where a priest or priestess spoke for a god or goddess. 4. The earliest Greek stories were fables. 5. The poet Aesop wrote the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. Each fable ends with a message, or moral. 7. The Greeks developed two kinds of dramas—comedies and love stories. 8. The best-known writer of Greek comedies was Euripides. 9. Artists in ancient Greece believed in ideas like reason, moderation, balance, and harmony. 10. Greek architecture has influenced buildings today in the use of marble columns, which are common features of churches and government buildings. 1 Name Date Class GUIDED READING ACTIVITY 8-2 Greek Philosophy and History Directions: Outlining Reading the section and completing the outline below will help you learn more about Greek philosophy and history. Refer to your textbook to fill in the blanks. I. Greek led to the study of history, political science, , and mathematics. A. Many philosophers were like Pythagoras, who taught that all relationships in the world could be expressed in B. One school of philosophers was the . who traveled from city to city making a living by teaching others. C. Socrates was an Athenian whose true love was philosophy. 1. Socrates invented the of teaching, which asks pointed ques- tions to force students to use reason and to see things for themselves. 2. Socrates was accused of teaching young Athenians to against the . was a student of Socrates who taught that democracy was not D. a good system of . E. Aristotle, a student of Plato, influenced the way Europeans and II. Greeks wrote the first real in Western civilization. A. Herodotus wrote the history of the Persian Wars and tried to separate from , but used and to explain some events. B. Most historians consider the greatest historian of the ancient world because he saw war and politics as the activities of stressed the importance of having accurate 2 and . Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. thought about government. Name Date Class GUIDED READING ACTIVITY 8-3 Alexander the Great Directions: Answering Questions Reading the section and completing the questions below will help you learn about Alexander the Great. Refer to your textbook to answer the questions. 1. Where is Macedonia located in relation to Greece? 2. What three things did Philip II especially admire about the Greeks? 3. Name the Athenian lawyer who warned the Greeks that Philip was a threat to freedom. 4. What war had left the Greeks weak and divided? 5. How old was Alexander when he became king of Macedonia? Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. How many soldiers did Alexander lead to victory over the Persians at the Battle of Granicus? 7. Although Alexander is known primarily as a military leader, what city did he build in Egypt that became one of the most important cities of the ancient world? 8. Why did Alexander turn back to Greece after invading India in 326 B.C.? 9. Name four aspects of Greek culture that Alexander and his armies spread throughout Asia and northern Africa. 10. Name the four kingdoms that arose out of the decline of Alexander’s empire. 3 Name Date Class GUIDED READING ACTIVITY 8-4 The Spread of Greek Culture Directions: Reading for Accuracy Reading the section and completing the activity below will help you learn more about the spread of Greek culture. Use your textbook to decide if a statement is true or false. Write T or F in the blank, and if a statement is false, rewrite it correctly on the line. 1. The library in Alexandria contained more than 500,000 scrolls. 2. The epic poem Argonautica was written by the poet Theocritus. 3. Epicureanism taught that the way to be happy was to seek out pleasure. 4. Epicureans felt it was important to be active in politics. 5. A Phoenician named Zeno developed the philosophy of Epicureanism. 7. Today, the word stoic is used to describe someone who is very expressive of his or her emotions. 8. Aristarchus held that Earth was the center of the universe. 9. Eratosthenes wrote Elements about plane geometry. 10. Archimedes of Syracuse figured out the value of pi that is used to measure the area of circles. 4 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. Stoics taught that happiness came from following reason, not emotions, and doing your duty. Name Date Class CONTENT VOCABULARY ACTIVITY 8 Greek Civilization Directions: Read the paragraphs below. Select one of the terms from the box to complete each sentence. astronomers comedies dramas epics Epicureanism fables Hellenistic Era legacy myths oracles philosophers philosophy plane geometry Socratic method solid geometry Sophists Stoicism tragedies During its Golden Age, Greece became a center of writing, art, and new ideas. The earliest Greek stories were (1) that told of heroic deeds. Other early stories involved animals acting or talking like humans. These (2) usually ended with a message or moral. The Greeks had traditional stories to explain their religious beliefs in gods and goddesses. According to these (3) , Zeus Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ruled the sky and threw lightning bolts, and Demeter made the crops grow. The Greeks believed they could learn about the future by visiting (4) , where a priest or priestess spoke for a god or goddess. Greeks also told stories on stage. In these (5) , actors played the parts of the characters. Some of these stories were (6) , with unhappy endings. (7) were staged plays with happy endings. The ancient Greeks explored many areas of knowledge. (8) were thinkers who believed the human mind could understand everything. Their “love of wisdom,” or study of (9) , led to new ideas in history, science, and mathematics. One thinker invented the (10) , asking pointed questions 5 Name Date Class CONTENT VOCABULARY ACTIVITY 8 (continued) Greek Civilization to get his pupils to use their reason to see things for themselves. Another group of teachers, called (11) , taught students the art of public speaking and debate. Alexander the Great was a great leader and warrior. His skill and daring were a (12) that lived after him. His conquests marked the beginning of the (13) , when Greek art and ideas spread throughout the conquered lands. During that time, two important teachers founded two very different ways of thinking about the world. One taught (14) , or the belief that the way to be happy is to seek out pleasure. The other taught (15) , the idea that happiness comes from reason and duty. Science made great leaps forward. (16) studied the stars and the planets and came up with new ideas about the universe. In mathematics, (17) explored how points, lines, angles, and surfaces relate to one another. Archimedes, the most famous scientist of the time, worked on (18) , the study of spheres and cylinders. Many of the contributions of the Greek scientists, writers, artists, and 6 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. thinkers remain important to us today. Name Date Class ACADEMIC VOCABULARY ACTIVITY 8 Greek Civilization Academic Words in this Chapter grant reject goal generation accurate lecture tradition achieve major conflict military A. Word Meaning Activity: Synonyms Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Directions: Read the underlined words below, as well as the four words or phrases next to them. Circle the word or phrase that is most similar in meaning to the underlined word as it is used in the chapter. 1. grant: unite, give, shallow, seed 2. generation: people born at about the same time, great change, situation, trial 3. tradition: polish, pursuit, custom, factor 4. conflict: member, fight, mixture, pattern 5. reject: release, relate, reborn, refuse 6. accurate: many, precise, lengthy, abrupt 7. achieve: accomplish, excuse, undertake, equip 8. military: armed force, system, control, govern 9. goal: target, confusion, signal, mistake 10. lecture: experience, educational speech, legend, inspection 7 Name Date Class ACADEMIC VOCABULARY ACTIVITY 8 (continued) Greek Civilization B. Word Usage Activity: Understanding Words with Multiple Meanings Word Usage Note: Some words like major have several meanings: a. (adj.) of great importance b. (adj.) larger in quantity c. (adj.) serious d. (adj.) noticeable e. (n.) military rank above a captain and below a lieutenant colonel f. (n.) academic subject g. (n.) type of musical scale Directions: Match the definitions of the word major to the sentences below. 1. He played the song in E major. 2. The major part of her essay was about Alexander the Great. 3. If Socrates attended a university today, he would be a philosophy major. 4. Mathematicians and astronomers made major contributions to science during the Hellenistic Era. 6. It was obvious that Alexander made major improvements to his military forces. 7. The military promoted her to the rank of major. 8 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5. Socrates was charged with a major crime and sentenced to death. Name Date Class BIOGRAPHY ACTIVITY 8A Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Euclid It is generally believed that Euclid was born about 325 B.C. and died about 265 B.C. However, historians do not know for sure. Some even think Euclid was not a real person. There are three theories about Euclid. The first is that he was a real person who wrote a book about mathematics called The Elements, as well as various other books. If true, that would make Euclid one of the most influential math teachers ever. This is because The Elements set the standard for the logical development of geometry and other branches of mathematics. The second theory is that Euclid wrote The Elements with a team of mathematicians in Alexandria, Egypt. Some historians believe the group even kept writing books under Euclid’s name after he died. The third theory is that Euclid never really lived at all. His name was borrowed from Euclid of Megara, a man who lived about 100 years before Euclid of Alexandria. The team of mathematicians simply used Euclid’s name to publish their books. The Truth The first theory is the most widely accepted—that Euclid did indeed live, Euclid and that he did indeed write The Elements. But it is also widely accepted that he worked with a team of mathematicians, and that he studied with Plato in Athens, Greece. Whatever the truth of its origins, The Elements has been the most influential math textbook in history. One scholar even said, “. . . next to the Bible, the Elements may be the most translated, published, and studied of all the books produced in the Western world.” Directions: On another sheet of paper, answer the questions below. 1. Why would The Elements make Euclid one of the most influential math teachers of all time? 2. Who did Euclid study with in Athens? 3. According to one scholar, what is the only book to be studied more than The Elements? 4. Writing Which of the three theories do you believe about Euclid and why? Explain your answer in a paragraph. 39 Name Date Class BIOGRAPHY ACTIVITY 8B Socrates Socrates was known as one of the greatest critical thinkers of all time. His life, however, was not as simple as most people believe. Born in 470 B.C., Socrates lived in Athens, Greece, which was the heart of democracy. The Greeks believed in freedom of speech, and Socrates took full advantage of that. Although he was a stone cutter, he spent most of his time in the marketplace—called the agora— arguing with other Greek citizens. Socrates believed in truth but specialized in destroying other people’s arguments. He would question their statements until they said something contradictory, and then he would use the contradiction as proof that their belief was wrong. Freedom of Speech youth.” Basically, the Greeks did not like what Socrates had to say. He was convicted by a jury of 510 men and forced to drink hemlock, which was a poison. Before he died in 399 B.C., Socrates supposedly said to his accusers, “I go to die and you to live, but which of us goes to the better lot is known to none but God.” Directions: On another sheet of paper, answer the questions below. 1. Where did Socrates spend most of his time? What did he do there? 2. What was Socrates’ great skill in debates? 3. How did Socrates die? 4. Writing The Greeks executed Socrates because they did not like what he had to say, but they also believed in freedom of speech. What limitations exist on your freedom of speech? Do you agree or disagree with these limitations? Explain your answers. 40 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Socrates’ use of freedom of speech ended up causing his downfall. He argued against democracy and the idea that everyone should have an equal say in how the country was run. The Greeks finally put Socrates on trial for “refusing to do reverence to the gods recognized by the city . . .” and for “corrupting the Socrates