Download The Eight Parts of Speech

The Eight Parts of Speech
I) Nouns
a) Person, place, thing or idea
b) Concrete or abstract nouns
i) Concrete noun
(1) names things that can be seen or touched
(2) examples: (bird, child, desk, city)
ii) Abstract noun
(1) names things that can not be seen or touched
(2) examples: (idea, time, culture)
c) Common or proper nouns
i) Common noun
(1) any noun that does not name a specific person, place, thing
or idea
(2) not capitalized
(3) examples: (teacher, dog, holiday)
ii) Proper noun
(1) names a specific person, place, thing or idea
(2) always capitalized
(3) examples: (Mrs. Johnson, Spot, Christmas)
d) Possessive nouns
i) Names who or what owns or has something; shows ownership
ii) Can be common or proper
iii) Rules for forming possessive nouns (p. 348 in book)
Noun
Most singular
nouns
Singular noun
ending in –s
Plural nouns
ending in –s
Plural nouns not
ending in –s
To form possessive
Add an apostrophe + s
(‘s)
Add an apostrophe + s
(‘s)
Add an apostrophe (‘)
Add an apostrophe + s
(‘s)
Examples
girl – girl’s coat
Wichita – Wichita’s population
Jane Jones – Jane Jones’s book
Columbus – Columbus’s airport
boys – boys’ shoes
the Wrights – the Wrights’ plane
children – children’s toys
women – women’s organization
II) Verbs
a) Shows an action or state of being
b) Action verb
i) A word that names an action
ii) May contain one or more words
iii) Can express physical actions or mental activities
iv) Examples: (run, teach, tackle)
c) Linking verb
i) Connects the subject of a sentence with a noun or an adjective
in the predicate
ii) Show a state of being
iii) Examples: (Mrs. Smart became a teacher. Liam looks happy.)
iv) Common linking verbs
be *
appear
turn
smell
become
look
taste
sound
seem
grow
feel
* forms of be include: is, am, are, was, and were
** many linking verbs could also be action verbs…watch how they are
used in the sentence to determine if they are linking or action
d) Helping verbs
i) Helps the main verb tell about an action or make a statement
ii) Most common helping verbs are be, have and do
iii) Examples: (She has run., We do talk during class.)
e) Verb Tenses
i) Present
(1) an action that happens regularly or states a general truth
(2) examples: (I watch the kids. The dog eats at night.)
ii) Past
(1) an action that has already happened
(2) usually formed by adding –ed to the base form of the verb
(3) examples: (We watched the OSU game Saturday. She
jumped over the log.)
iii) Future
(1) names an action that will take place in the future
(2) Often uses will with the verb
(3) Examples: (The flag will fly in the wind. Daniel will sing the Star
Spangled Banner.)
iv) Progressive tenses
(1) Present progressive
(a) names an action or condition continuing in the present
(b) often times uses is, are or am
(c) examples: (I am looking. We are standing.)
(2) Past progressive
(a) names an action or condition that continued for some
time in the past
(b) often times uses was or were and the present participle
(c) examples: (I was trying. We were going.)
v) Perfect tenses
(1) Present perfect tense
(a) names an action that happened at an indefinite time in
the past
(b) tells about an action that happened in the past and is still
happening
(c) uses have or has and the past participle of the main verb
(d) examples: (I have watched. She has arrived.)
(2) Past perfect tense
(a) names an action that happened before another action or
event in the past
(b) often uses the helping verb had and the past participle of
the main verb
(c) examples: (I had studied. They had worked.)
vi) Irregular verbs
(1) Page 380 & 382 in textbook
(2) Past participle uses have or had before the verb
(3) Examples: (My kids blew bubbles this summer. Laura had paid
for her lunch already.)
III) Pronouns
a) Word that takes the place of one or more nouns
b) Personal pronouns
i) Used to refer to people or things
ii) I, you, he, she, it (singular) – we, you, they (plural)
c) Subject pronouns
i) Used as the subject of a sentence
ii) I, you, he, she, it (singular) – we, you, they (plural)
d) Object pronouns
i) Used as the object of a verb or preposition
ii) Me, you, him, her, it (singular) – us, you, them (plural)
e) Possessive pronouns
i) Pronoun that shows who or what has something
ii) May take place of a possessive noun
iii) My, our, his, her, its, mine, yours, his, hers, its (singular) – our, your,
their, ours, yours, theirs (plural)
iv) Do not use apostrophes!
f) Indefinite pronouns
i) Pronoun that does not refer to one particular person, place or
thing
ii) Some common indefinite pronouns (pg. 402 in text)
another
each
everything
no one
someone
many
anybody
either
much
nothing
something
others
anyone
everybody
neither
one
both
several
anything
everyone
nobody
somebody
few
IV) Adjectives (a.k.a. Modifiers)
a) A word that describes, or modifies, a noun or pronoun
b) Provides information about size, shape, color, texture, feeling,
sound, smell, number or condition
c) Can come before or after a noun
d) Examples: (red strawberry, many groups, decorated room)
e) Articles
i) A, an, the
ii) Indefinite articles (a, an)
(1) Refers to 1 of a general group of people, places, things or
ideas
(2) A is used before words beginning with a consonant sound
(3) An is used before words beginning with a vowel sound
(4) Examples: (a pilot, a sandwich, an hour, an octopus)
iii) Definite article (the)
(1) Identifies specific nouns
(2) Examples: (the first man, the moon)
f) Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
i) Comparative Adjectives
(1) Compares 2 things, groups or people
(2) Most add –er to the end of the word (most 1 syllable and
some 2 syllable words)
(3) Some add more or less before the word (most 2 and more
syllable words)
(4) Examples: (The new building is taller than the old building.,
The soccer player is less graceful than the ballerina.)
ii) Superlative Adjectives
(1) Compares more than 2 things, groups or people
(2) Most add –est to the end of the word (most 1 syllable and
some 2 syllable words)
(3) Some add most or least before the word (most 2 and more
syllable words)
(4) Examples: (The new building is the tallest building in the city.
That tree is the least attractive tree I have seen.)
*** do not use more, most, less or least with words that already
end with –er or -est…it’s called a double comparison.
g) Demonstrative Adjectives
i) Points out something that describe nouns by answering questions
which one? or which ones?
ii) This, that, these and those – when used as adjectives and not
pronouns (not taking the place of nouns)
iii) Examples: (that bridge, those marbles, this house, these pictures)
V) Adverbs
a) Word that describes, or modifies, a verb, an adjective or another
adverb
b) Usually tell 4 things: when, where, how and how often
c) Many times end in –ly
d) Examples: (left early, went outside, sang sweetly, called twice)
e) Comparative and Superlative Adverbs
i) Comparative Adverbs
(1) Compares 2 actions
(2) Shorter verbs add –er to the end
(3) Longer verbs use more less before the word
(4) Examples: (Pat left earlier than Tina. Taylor more
enthusiastically than Marshall.)
ii) Superlative Adverbs
(1) Compares more than 2 actions
(2) Shorter verbs add –est to the end
(3) Longer verbs use most/least before the word
(4) Examples: (Pat left the earliest this morning. Taylor sings the
most enthusiastically of all the first graders.)
iii) Negative Adverbs
(1) Changes the meaning of the verb or verb phrase in a
sentence
(2) Many common negatives: never, nobody, none, no one,
nothing, nowhere, scarcely, hardly, not, no
(3) Avoid using double negatives (2 negatives in a sentence)
(4) Examples: (Fred didn’t call Dan. Teresa never eats sweets.
Dylan barely passed the test.)
VI) Conjunctions
a) connect individual words or groups of words
b) commonly used conjunctions: and, but, or, for, because, if, since,
until, when, where, while
c) commonly used correlative conjunctions (pairs of words):
both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, whether…or
d) Examples: Jacob and Nina studied art., Billy walked to the store and
the park., February is cold and dreary., I could enter my grades
now, or I could watch the game.
VII) Interjections
a) Words or phrases that expresses strong emotion or feeling
b) No grammatical connection to any other words in the sentence
c) When strong feeling, can stand alone and often times use an
exclamation mark
d) Examples: Oh no! I failed the test! Wow! You did great.
e) When expressing a milder feeling, appears as part of a sentence
separated by a comma
f) Examples: Oh well, I will just have to go tomorrow.
g) Common interjections: aha, awesome, come on, gee, good grief,
ha, hey, hooray, look, no, oh, oh no, oops, ouch, well, what,
whoops, wow, yes
VIII) Prepositions
a) Word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some
other word in a sentence
b) Examples: (The lamp is on the table.,The couch is against the wall.)
c) Commonly used prepositions:
about
above
across
after
against
along
among
around
as
at
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
between
beyond
by
down
during
for
from
in
inside
into
like
near
of
off
on
out
outside
over
since
through
throughout
to
toward
under
until
up
upon
with
within
without
d) Prepositional phrase
i) Group of words that begins with the preposition and ends with
the noun or pronoun that follows it
ii) Examples: upon the counter, in the kitchen