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The Eight Parts of Speech I) Nouns a) Person, place, thing or idea b) Concrete or abstract nouns i) Concrete noun (1) names things that can be seen or touched (2) examples: (bird, child, desk, city) ii) Abstract noun (1) names things that can not be seen or touched (2) examples: (idea, time, culture) c) Common or proper nouns i) Common noun (1) any noun that does not name a specific person, place, thing or idea (2) not capitalized (3) examples: (teacher, dog, holiday) ii) Proper noun (1) names a specific person, place, thing or idea (2) always capitalized (3) examples: (Mrs. Johnson, Spot, Christmas) d) Possessive nouns i) Names who or what owns or has something; shows ownership ii) Can be common or proper iii) Rules for forming possessive nouns (p. 348 in book) Noun Most singular nouns Singular noun ending in –s Plural nouns ending in –s Plural nouns not ending in –s To form possessive Add an apostrophe + s (‘s) Add an apostrophe + s (‘s) Add an apostrophe (‘) Add an apostrophe + s (‘s) Examples girl – girl’s coat Wichita – Wichita’s population Jane Jones – Jane Jones’s book Columbus – Columbus’s airport boys – boys’ shoes the Wrights – the Wrights’ plane children – children’s toys women – women’s organization II) Verbs a) Shows an action or state of being b) Action verb i) A word that names an action ii) May contain one or more words iii) Can express physical actions or mental activities iv) Examples: (run, teach, tackle) c) Linking verb i) Connects the subject of a sentence with a noun or an adjective in the predicate ii) Show a state of being iii) Examples: (Mrs. Smart became a teacher. Liam looks happy.) iv) Common linking verbs be * appear turn smell become look taste sound seem grow feel * forms of be include: is, am, are, was, and were ** many linking verbs could also be action verbs…watch how they are used in the sentence to determine if they are linking or action d) Helping verbs i) Helps the main verb tell about an action or make a statement ii) Most common helping verbs are be, have and do iii) Examples: (She has run., We do talk during class.) e) Verb Tenses i) Present (1) an action that happens regularly or states a general truth (2) examples: (I watch the kids. The dog eats at night.) ii) Past (1) an action that has already happened (2) usually formed by adding –ed to the base form of the verb (3) examples: (We watched the OSU game Saturday. She jumped over the log.) iii) Future (1) names an action that will take place in the future (2) Often uses will with the verb (3) Examples: (The flag will fly in the wind. Daniel will sing the Star Spangled Banner.) iv) Progressive tenses (1) Present progressive (a) names an action or condition continuing in the present (b) often times uses is, are or am (c) examples: (I am looking. We are standing.) (2) Past progressive (a) names an action or condition that continued for some time in the past (b) often times uses was or were and the present participle (c) examples: (I was trying. We were going.) v) Perfect tenses (1) Present perfect tense (a) names an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past (b) tells about an action that happened in the past and is still happening (c) uses have or has and the past participle of the main verb (d) examples: (I have watched. She has arrived.) (2) Past perfect tense (a) names an action that happened before another action or event in the past (b) often uses the helping verb had and the past participle of the main verb (c) examples: (I had studied. They had worked.) vi) Irregular verbs (1) Page 380 & 382 in textbook (2) Past participle uses have or had before the verb (3) Examples: (My kids blew bubbles this summer. Laura had paid for her lunch already.) III) Pronouns a) Word that takes the place of one or more nouns b) Personal pronouns i) Used to refer to people or things ii) I, you, he, she, it (singular) – we, you, they (plural) c) Subject pronouns i) Used as the subject of a sentence ii) I, you, he, she, it (singular) – we, you, they (plural) d) Object pronouns i) Used as the object of a verb or preposition ii) Me, you, him, her, it (singular) – us, you, them (plural) e) Possessive pronouns i) Pronoun that shows who or what has something ii) May take place of a possessive noun iii) My, our, his, her, its, mine, yours, his, hers, its (singular) – our, your, their, ours, yours, theirs (plural) iv) Do not use apostrophes! f) Indefinite pronouns i) Pronoun that does not refer to one particular person, place or thing ii) Some common indefinite pronouns (pg. 402 in text) another each everything no one someone many anybody either much nothing something others anyone everybody neither one both several anything everyone nobody somebody few IV) Adjectives (a.k.a. Modifiers) a) A word that describes, or modifies, a noun or pronoun b) Provides information about size, shape, color, texture, feeling, sound, smell, number or condition c) Can come before or after a noun d) Examples: (red strawberry, many groups, decorated room) e) Articles i) A, an, the ii) Indefinite articles (a, an) (1) Refers to 1 of a general group of people, places, things or ideas (2) A is used before words beginning with a consonant sound (3) An is used before words beginning with a vowel sound (4) Examples: (a pilot, a sandwich, an hour, an octopus) iii) Definite article (the) (1) Identifies specific nouns (2) Examples: (the first man, the moon) f) Comparative and Superlative Adjectives i) Comparative Adjectives (1) Compares 2 things, groups or people (2) Most add –er to the end of the word (most 1 syllable and some 2 syllable words) (3) Some add more or less before the word (most 2 and more syllable words) (4) Examples: (The new building is taller than the old building., The soccer player is less graceful than the ballerina.) ii) Superlative Adjectives (1) Compares more than 2 things, groups or people (2) Most add –est to the end of the word (most 1 syllable and some 2 syllable words) (3) Some add most or least before the word (most 2 and more syllable words) (4) Examples: (The new building is the tallest building in the city. That tree is the least attractive tree I have seen.) *** do not use more, most, less or least with words that already end with –er or -est…it’s called a double comparison. g) Demonstrative Adjectives i) Points out something that describe nouns by answering questions which one? or which ones? ii) This, that, these and those – when used as adjectives and not pronouns (not taking the place of nouns) iii) Examples: (that bridge, those marbles, this house, these pictures) V) Adverbs a) Word that describes, or modifies, a verb, an adjective or another adverb b) Usually tell 4 things: when, where, how and how often c) Many times end in –ly d) Examples: (left early, went outside, sang sweetly, called twice) e) Comparative and Superlative Adverbs i) Comparative Adverbs (1) Compares 2 actions (2) Shorter verbs add –er to the end (3) Longer verbs use more less before the word (4) Examples: (Pat left earlier than Tina. Taylor more enthusiastically than Marshall.) ii) Superlative Adverbs (1) Compares more than 2 actions (2) Shorter verbs add –est to the end (3) Longer verbs use most/least before the word (4) Examples: (Pat left the earliest this morning. Taylor sings the most enthusiastically of all the first graders.) iii) Negative Adverbs (1) Changes the meaning of the verb or verb phrase in a sentence (2) Many common negatives: never, nobody, none, no one, nothing, nowhere, scarcely, hardly, not, no (3) Avoid using double negatives (2 negatives in a sentence) (4) Examples: (Fred didn’t call Dan. Teresa never eats sweets. Dylan barely passed the test.) VI) Conjunctions a) connect individual words or groups of words b) commonly used conjunctions: and, but, or, for, because, if, since, until, when, where, while c) commonly used correlative conjunctions (pairs of words): both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, whether…or d) Examples: Jacob and Nina studied art., Billy walked to the store and the park., February is cold and dreary., I could enter my grades now, or I could watch the game. VII) Interjections a) Words or phrases that expresses strong emotion or feeling b) No grammatical connection to any other words in the sentence c) When strong feeling, can stand alone and often times use an exclamation mark d) Examples: Oh no! I failed the test! Wow! You did great. e) When expressing a milder feeling, appears as part of a sentence separated by a comma f) Examples: Oh well, I will just have to go tomorrow. g) Common interjections: aha, awesome, come on, gee, good grief, ha, hey, hooray, look, no, oh, oh no, oops, ouch, well, what, whoops, wow, yes VIII) Prepositions a) Word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence b) Examples: (The lamp is on the table.,The couch is against the wall.) c) Commonly used prepositions: about above across after against along among around as at before behind below beneath beside between beyond by down during for from in inside into like near of off on out outside over since through throughout to toward under until up upon with within without d) Prepositional phrase i) Group of words that begins with the preposition and ends with the noun or pronoun that follows it ii) Examples: upon the counter, in the kitchen