Download Section III: Peace in a New Europe (Pages 624-629)

Section III: Peace in a New Europe
(Pages 624-629)
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This section is about:
The armistice that ended
World War I.
The economic and
human costs of the war.
How world leaders
attempted to work out
peace terms at the Paris
Peace Conference in
1919.
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Start by looking at the
pictures on each of
the pages: 625-628.
Look at the “Main
Ideas” on page 624.
Look at the side notes
on 624 and 625.
Peace in a New Europe
Signing an Armistice
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It’s a lot easier to start a
war than it can be to end
one.
Ending WWI took the
skills of all the leaders of
both sides.
The Eleventh Hour
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As more an more Americans
came to help the exhausted
French and British troops, the
Germans began losing hope of
winning the war.
All of the other countries had
already signed an armistice.
Finally, Germany did, too – at
11/11/11 and the war was
over (1918).
The terms of the treaty were
tough on Germany – they gave
up many of their weapons and
the allies had the right to
occupy the western part of
Germany (west of the Rhine)
(an agreement to stop fighting)
Disbanding Allied Troops
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Plans were started for
demobilization /
demilitarization on
both sides (sending
soldiers back home).
This process took a
long time – the tired
French and British
went first.
The American
“doughboys” didn’t
leave Europe until
1923.
Effects of the War
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WWI affected millions
around the world.
It involved countries in
Europe, Asia, North
America and Africa.
Fighting took place in
Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Fighting happened the
Atlantic, Pacific, and
Indian Oceans.
Total War
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WWI was a total war –
soldiers, regular people,
movement of people and
goods – and changed the face
of the world forever.
It brought mass destruction to
many of the towns of Europe.
It changed political boundaries
of many countries.
It even changed the workforce
– for the first time, women
began working regular jobs a
lot more and soon after the
war was over got the right to
vote.
Costs of the War
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Wars also cost a lot of money and WWI was “record breaking.”
$186 billion dollars in 1918 money.
But there were other costs – loss of business and regular production,
medical costs for the wounded, future economic contributions of the
killed, and costs of supporting families of people who had died.
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More than 65 million soldiers
fought in WWI.
Some battles had over a million
soldiers.
Some countries had even more
civilian than military deaths.
As an example, the Ottoman
Turks thought the Armenian
Christians were helping the
Russians and massacred 1.5
million men women and children.
7-11 million soldiers were killed
and twice that many were
wounded and/or disabled for life.
An entire generation of European
youth were killed.
“Only” 125,000 Americans were
killed in battle.
In Germany or Great Britain, it
seemed just about every family
had someone who had been
killed.
Loss of Life
“Only” 125,000 Americans were killed in battle.
But, about 650,000 American soldiers died during the war.
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There was a bad flue epidemic
in the world in 1918.
It may have even started in
1918 in Kansas, and a soldier
brought it to Europe.
It kept spreading and
spreading.
It infected 500 million people across
the world, including remote Pacific
islands and the Arctic, and killed 50 to
100 million of them—3 to 5 percent
of the world's population at the
time—making it one of the deadliest
natural disasters in human history
The Terms of Peace
The Fourteen Points
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The war was not officially
over until there was a
plan for peace.
The allies met at the Paris
Peace Conference in 1919
to come up with a plan.
President Wilson had
come up with a plan
about how the countries
of the world should get
along after the war.
It had 14 points, so it’s
called: ______________
The Paris Peace Conference
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At the peace conference,
different committees worked on
different parts of the plan.
One of the issues was
reparations – who was going to
pay for the damages of the
war?
“The Big Four” (U.S., Great
Britain, France, and Italy) met
at Versailles The other
countries had a more minor
role in the plan.
Each of the Big Four countries
found things in the Fourteen
Points they didn't like – and
since the other 3 were in
Europe, they had their own
plans about the post-war map
of Europe.
Treaty of Versailles
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The losing nations couldn’t
help with the post-war plan at
the Treaty of Versailles.
And, the winning nations broke
some promises they made at
the Paris Peace Conference.
Germany lost some land and
Resources.
Poland was made a separate
country again.
All of Germanys’ overseas
colonies were taken from them
(and spit up by the Allies).
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The hardest part for Germany:
Germany had to accept the “war
guilt” statement – that they
were the aggressor in the war.
This meant that Germany would
have to pay reparations for the
damage they caused, and the
Allied losses ($33 Billion).
Economists pointed out this
would cause problems down the
road – for Germany and for
nations that would trade with
them.
Terms of the
Treaty of Versailles
There were a total of 440
clauses in the final treaty. The
first 26 clauses dealt with the
establishment of the League of
Nations. The remaining 414
clauses spelled out Germany's
punishment.
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“The Big Four” wanted to
make sure Germany
would never be a threat
again.
Germany would be
restricted to 100,000
troops (not many).
The German army had to
reduce their amount of
ships.
They were prohibited to
manufacture armored
cars, tanks, airplanes,
submarines, and poison
gas.
The area west of the
Rhine River became a
demilitarized zone – no
military forces.
The League of Nations
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The Treaty of Versailles also
created the League of Nations.
They were supposed to keep
countries boundaries intact and
reduce military forces and
equipment.
President Wilson’s “14th Point”
was that the League of Nations
should also keep world peace.
In the U.S., Congress makes
peace treaties – not the president
- and republicans wanted that
control.
They also felt that the United
States might have to listen to the
League of Nations at times when
the United States might want to
take a more independent action.
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Wilson traveled all over the
United States, trying to win
support for his plan.
But Wilson wore himself out,
got very sick, went back to
Washington D.C., and died.
The Treaty of Versailles was
signed, but not by the United
States – they made a
separate treaty with
Germany.
One of the purposes of the
League of Nations: prevent
aggressor nations from
forming – but we know
there’s a WWII, so it didn’t
work the way it was planned
Other Treaties
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Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
and Yugoslavia (with Serbia and
Montenegro) were made
countries.
Austria-Hungary's army was
reduced and it’s navy eliminate d
– it’s ships given to the Allies.
Hungary lost 2/3 of it’s
population to Czechoslovakia,
Austria, Poland, Yugoslavia,
Romania, and Italy.
The Allies took away much of the
Ottoman Empire’s territory.
Turkey and Greece gave up land
to Greece, Italy, and Yugoslavia.
Iraq and Palestine
(Mesopotamia) would now be
controlled by the British.
Effects of the Peace Treaties
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The Peace Treaty didn’t
really solve anything.
The Allies didn’t care about
their defeated enemies.
Resentment grew –
especially from the Germans.
The economic problems in
Germany later encouraged
new leaders to take over
their government.
I think you know what
happens about 20 years
later.