Download Locomotion and Regulation

LOCOMOTION &
REGULATION
Locomotion
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Locomotion is the ability of an
organism to move from one place to
another.
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Why would organisms carry out
locomotion?
Motile = capable of locomotion
Sessile = organisms NOT capable of
locomotion
Locomotive System
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The locomotive system consists of a
skeletal system, muscular system
and a nervous system.
Human Skeletal System
Skeletal System
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Humans have 206 bones
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Babies have MORE
Bones are made of calcium and
phosphorus
Bones support and protect body
structures
Can be endoskeletal OR exoskeletal
Osteoporosis is loss of bone mass
due to lack of calcium
Cartilage
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Found between bones
Acts as a cushion between bones
A developing embryo has cartilage
instead of bone
Gives ears and nose their shape
Arthritis is deteriorating cartilage
Muscles
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Humans have over 300 muscles
Muscles work by contracting
(shortening) or by relaxing
Muscles are found as opposing pairs
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Flexors-contract (ex. Bicep)
Extensors-relax/expand (ex. Tricep)
Flexor and Extensor
Types of Muscle
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There are three types of muscle
cells
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Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal Muscle
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Skeletal muscle is also called
striated muscle
Found surrounding bones
Looks striped
Controls voluntary movements
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
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Cardiac muscle is found in the heart
Cardiac muscles are involuntary, but
look like striated muscle
Smooth Muscle
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Smooth muscle is also called
visceral muscle
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Found in the walls of internal organs
Control involuntary movements
Ex. Stomach, Small intestine, arteries,
lymph vessels, etc…
Connective Tissue
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There are three kinds of connective
tissues that connect bones and
muscles together.
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Ligaments
Tendons
Joints
Ligaments
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Ligaments
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Connect bone to bone
Think “L” for Ligament
A sprain is an over stretched ligament
Tendons
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Connects muscles to bones
Tendonitis is an inflammation of a
tendon
Joints
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Where two bones meet
3 kinds of joints
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Immovable (fixed)
Hinge
Ball and socket
Gliding
Pivot
Joints
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Immovable
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No movement
Found in cranium/skull
Joints
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Hinge
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Movement back and forth
Found in elbow and knee
Joints
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Ball and socket
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Movement in all directions
Found in shoulder and hip
Joints
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Gliding
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Limited movement in all directions
Found in wrist and ankle
Joints
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Pivot
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Limited rotation
Found in the neck
Skeletal Structures
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Exoskeleton
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Protective covering outside the body
Provides a surface for muscular
attachment
Made of chitin
Can be thin and light (insects) or thick
and heavy (lobster)
 Molting is losing exoskeleton to allow for
body growth
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Exoskeleton
Protist
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Amoeba
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Paramecium
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Euglena
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Whip-like tail called a
Hydra
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They are SESSILE, but fibers allow
a somersault-type movement (like a
slinky)
Earthworm
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Earthworms have setae (little
bristles) that stick into the ground
like anchors to allow locomotion,
segment by segment
Muscles are attached to each pair of
setae
Setae
Grasshopper
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Have jointed appendages
Have wings
Have muscles inside the
exoskeleton
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What makes your muscles move?
What organs allow you to respond
to your environment?
Regulation
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Define regulation.
What part of your body carries out
regulation?
The Nervous System
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Consists of
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CNS
Central Nervous System
 Brain and Spinal cord
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PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
 All nerves outside of the brain and spinal
cord
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C.N.S.
P.N.S.
The Nervous System
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Parts of a nervous system
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Brain
Nerve Cells called Neurons
Brain
Brain
Brain
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Made up of 2 halves
Weighs about 3 pounds
Protected by _________________
Made up of neurons
Brain
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Made up of 3 parts
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1. Cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex
Controls thinking, memory, reasoning,
imagination, personality, site of
consciousness
 Interprets what your 5 senses detect
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Brain
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2. Cerebellum
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Controls voluntary movements (motor
activities)
Controls balance and coordination
Brain
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3. Medulla
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Controls involuntary activities
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Such as breathing, digestion, heartbeat,
hormone production, etc…
Called brain stem and connects to the
spinal cord
Neuron
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A neuron is a nerve cell
They send and receive chemical and
electrical messages, called
impulses.
Neuron
Parts of a neuron
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Dendrites
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Cyton
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Carries impulses away from cyton
Myelin
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Cell body-contains nucleus
Axon
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Receive impulses
Fatty covering on the axon that increases
speed of electrical impulse
Terminal Branches
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End point of a neuron that sends messages to
dendrites of next neuron
Synapse
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The synapse is the gap between two
neurons.
Close-up of synapse
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Neurotransmitters-chemicals
secreted into synapse
Close-up of a synapse
Stimulants and Depressants
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Drugs can affect how the
neurotransmitters pass their
message
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Stimulants __________ speed of
message transmission.
Depressants _________ speed of
message transmission.
Reflex Arc
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A reflex is a response to a stimulus.
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Ex. Knee jerk, hand on a hot stove
A reflex involves the spinal cord but
NOT the brain.
Reflex Arc
Reflex Arc
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Drawing
Disorders of the Nervous System
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Meningitis
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Polio
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Virus that inflames spinal cord tissue
Cerebral Palsy
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Swelling of the membranes that surround the
brain
Disorder of central nervous system
Can be congenital (exists before birth) or
caused during birth
Multiple Sclerosis
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Problem with impulse transmission due to
inflammation of myelin sheath.
Endocrine System
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System of ductless glands that
secrete hormones.
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Hormones are chemical messengers
that are released directly into blood
stream.
Hormones are sent DIRECTLY to a
target tissue
Testes and Ovaries
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Ovaries make _______________ &
_________________
Testes make ________________
These hormones stimulate
secondary sexual characteristics
Adrenal Glands
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Located on top of kidneys
Produces hormone called adrenaline
Pancreas
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The pancreas produces digestive
enzymes and also the hormones
called glucagon and insulin.
The part of the pancreas that
produces hormones is called the
Islets of Langerhans
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Glucagon and insulin control blood
sugar
Thyroid Gland
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Located in neck
Thyroid controls metabolism
Thyroid produces thyroxin
(hormone)
Goiter is enlarged thyroid gland
Goiter
Parathyroid
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Located in neck
Smaller than thyroid
Produces parathormone which
controls calcium balance
Pituitary Gland
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The master gland (controls all other
glands)
Pituitary Gland
Produces stimulating hormones that
cause glands to secrete their
hormones.
Ex.
TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone
Pituitary Gland
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Also produces growth hormone
(GH)
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Gigantisism and Dwarfism comes from
growth hormone problems
Hypothalmus
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Produces RF’s (releasing factors),
which help stimulate hormone
production
Representative Organisms