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Bio244 Lecture Exam 2 Study Guide pg.1 Ch. 6 (Microbial Growth and Nutrition): Be able to define the following terms: Acidophile Generation time Optimum temperature Alkalinophile Halophile Organic Antagonism Hypertonic Osmophile Antibiosis Hypotonic Osmosis Barophile Inorganic Osmotic pressure Capnophile Isotonic Parasite Cardinal temperature Macronutrient Parasitism Colony Maximum temperature Pathogen Commensalism Micronutrients Symbiotic Diffusion Minimum temperature Synergism Facultative Mutualism Viable non-­‐culturable Generation Obligate Know the following concepts: 1. Be able to differentiate between macro and micronutrients 2. Know the different feeding strategies of a photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, chemoheterotroph, photoheterotroph, saprobes 3. For the parasites be able to differentiate between ectoparasite, endoparasite and obligate intracellular parasite 4. Be able to discuss the effects of an isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solution on both cells with and without a cell wall 5. Know the difference types of active and passive transport 6. Know the three types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor mediated 7. Be able to name five types/classes of bacteria based on their temperature requirements 8. Be able to discuss the strategies organisms use to deal with toxic oxygen products 9. Be able to identify an organism as aerobic, strict anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, microaerophile, aerotolerant anaerobe 10. Have a general understanding of the effects of temperature, pH and osmotic pressure, ionizing radiation and non-­‐ionizing radiation on the growth of organisms 11. Understand that bacteria live in complex associations/ecosystems with many other organisms 12. Know the process of biofilm formation 13. Know the role of a biofilm to the survival and colonization of organisms and know the complications they create in the health industry 14. Know the process of binary fission and how this differs from budding 15. Be able to differentiate between logarithmic and arithmetic growth curves 16. Be prepared to label a bacterial growth curve with: lag phase, exponential growth, stationary growth and death phase. 17. Know the different methods used to quantify bacterial cells including measurements of turbidity, plate counts and genetic probing Bio244 Lecture Exam 2 Study Guide pg.2 Ch. 7 (Microbial Metabolism): Be able to define the following terms: Anabolism Cofactor Metabolism Apoenzyme Endergonic Oxidized Catabolism Enzyme Reduced Catalyst Exergonic Substrate Coenzyme Holoenzyme Know the following concepts: 1. Understand the relationship between metabolism, catabolism and anabolism 2. Know the structure and function of enzymes 3. Be able to differentiate constitutive and regulated enzymes 4. Understand the different mechanisms used to control enzymes (competitive inhibition, non-­‐
competitive inhibition, repression and induction) 5. Know the role of cofactors and coenzymes 6. Understand how an enzyme reduces the activation energy of a reaction 7. Understand how enzymes are named 8. Know the process of denaturation and its effects on enzyme function 9. Know how a metabolic pathway works 10. Know the structure and function of ATP 11. Know what a redox reaction is 12. Be familiar with the role of electron carriers 13. Know dehydrogenation and hydrolysis reactions and their role in metabolism 14. Know the overall reactions of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain and chemiosmosis) 15. Know the difference between aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation 16. Know the role of ATP synthase 17. Know the function of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase 18. Be able to differentiate between fermentation in bacteria and humans 19. Understand the efficiency of the cell and how this relates to amphibolism Ch. 8 (Microbial Genetics): Be able to define the following terms: Chromosome Mutagen Recombination Competent Mutant strain Regulatory Genes Gene Mutation Semiconservative replication Gene Phenotype Structural Genes Genetics Plasmid Traits Genome Plasmids Transfection Genotype Polyribosome Wild type strain Heredity Recombinant Know the following concepts: 1. Know the structure a bacterial chromosome vs. eukaryotic chromosomes 2. Be able to differentiate the function of regulatory genes vs. structural genes 3. Know the base chemical structure of DNA and RNA nucleotides (i.e. phosphate, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and nitrogenous base) 4. Be able to differentiate between pyrimidine and purine bases Bio244 Lecture Exam 2 Study Guide pg.3 5. Know the chemical structure of a strand of DNA (i.e. phosphodiester backbone, hydrogen bonding between complementary (pyrimidine-­‐purine) bases, antiparallel configuration and double helix). 6. Be able to describe the steps of bidirectional DNA synthesis and name each enzyme involved 7. Be able to describe the process of leading strand synthesis vs. lagging strand synthesis and have an understanding of why this difference occurs 8. Know the process of transcription and translation as it pertains to a prokaryote 9. Know the difference in ribosome size between prokaryotes and eukaryotes 10. Know that the AUG start codon codes for a formyl-­‐methionine in prokaryotes 11. Have an understanding of prokaryotic cell efficiency as it pertains to pre and post translational regulation 12. Be able to describe the functioning of an inducible operon (lac operon) and a repressible operon (trp operon) 13. Know the three major components of an operon and their functions (regulator, control locus and structural locus) 14. Be able to describe the processes of transformation, conjugation and transduction 15. Be able to discuss the difference between an F+ cell and an F-­‐ cell and know the phenotypic changes that happen to the F-­‐ cell following conjugation 16. Know the biomedical significance of plasmids and some of the capabilities they code for 17. Be able to describe transposons 18. Be able to describe the different types of mutations and their effects (i.e. missense mutation, nonsense mutation, silent mutation, frameshift mutation and back mutation) 19. Be able to differentiate between the cause of spontaneous mutations and induced mutations 20. Be familiar with the proofreading mechanism of DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I and know the process of excision and nucleotide replacement