Download Study Guide Final 244 Lecture Exam

Study Guide for Bio244 Final Lecture Exam
The exam will contain:
~50 multiple choice questions
~25 will be comprehensive (covering the entire semester Chapters 1 – 11, 13)
~25 will be on the last unit (Chapters 11, 13)
Summary of topics to study for the Comprehensive portion of the exam:
1. Be able to name the 5 major groups of microorganisms as well as describe their basic structure and function 2. Be able to name and describe the 5 kingdoms and the 3 domains 3. Know some of the various beneficial roles of microbes 4. Know how a prokaryote and eukaryote differ in structure and function 5. Know the proper way to write an organisms scientific name 6. Be able to describe the different types of media (chemically defined, minimal, complex, selective, differential, reducing) 7. Be able to describe negative, positive, simple and differential staining processes 8. Be able to describe the steps of the Gram stain and what gets stained 9. Know which genus of bacteria are identified by endospore stain 10. Be able to name the different shapes and arrangements of bacterial cells 11. Know the structure and function of the following parts of a prokaryote: cell membrane, nucleoid, ribosome, cytoskeleton, fimbriae, outer membrane, cell wall, pilus, capsule, inclusion, plasmid, flagellum and endospores 12. Know how the cell wall differs between Gram positive and Gram negative cells and how this relates to the outcome of the Gram stain 13. Know which genus of bacteria are identified by the acid fast stain and why 14. Know the similarities and differences between the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes 15. Know the theory of Endosymbiosis and the supporting evidence 16. Know the structure and function of the following organelles (nucleus, nucleolus, RER, SER, Golgi, mitochondrion, chloroplast and lysosome) 17. Know which eukaryotes have a cell wall or don’t , and if they do have one, be able to
name the macromolecule they are primarily composed of
18. Be able to name the phylum of flatworms and roundworms 19. Know the different feeding strategies of a photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, chemoheterotroph, photoheterotroph, saprobes 20. Be able to discuss the effects of an isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solution on both cells with and without a cell wall 21. Know the three types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor mediated 22. Be able to discuss the strategies organisms use to deal with toxic oxygen products 23. Be able to identify an organism as aerobic, strict anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, microaerophile, aerotolerant anaerobe 24. Have a general understanding of the effects of temperature, pH and osmotic pressure, ionizing radiation and non-­‐ionizing radiation on the growth of organisms 25. Be prepared to label a bacterial growth curve with: lag phase, exponential growth, stationary growth and death phase. 26. Know the different methods used to quantify bacterial cells including measurements of turbidity, plate counts and genetic probing 27. Know the structure and function of enzymes 28. Know the process of denaturation and its effects on enzyme function 29. Know how a metabolic pathway works 30. Know the structure and function of ATP 31. Know the overall reactions of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain and chemiosmosis) 32. Know the difference between aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation 33. Know the base chemical structure of DNA and RNA nucleotides (i.e. phosphate, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and nitrogenous base) 34. Know the process of transcription and translation as it pertains to a prokaryote 35. Be able to describe the functioning of an inducible operon (lac operon) and a repressible operon (trp operon) 36. Be able to describe the processes of transformation, conjugation and transduction 37. Know the biomedical significance of plasmids and some of the capabilities they code for 38. Be able to describe the different types of mutations and their effects (i.e. missense mutation, nonsense mutation, silent mutation, frameshift mutation and back mutation) 39. Be able to explain why viruses are obligate intracellular parasites 40. Have a general understanding of the size of viruses as compared to other microorganisms 41. Know the structure and function of viral capsids 42. Distinguish between an enveloped virus and a naked virus 43. Understand the importance of viral surface proteins, or spikes 44. Know the different compositions of viral nucleic acids 45. Know how retroviruses differ from other RNA containing viruses 46. Be able to describe the general phases of an animal virus 47. Be able to describe lysogenic and lytic viruses 48. Be familiar with prions and their class of infections 49. Be able to name the end goal of sterilization 50. Be able to differentiate the uses of a disinfectant vs. antiseptic 51. Be able to differentiate the effects of a static vs. cidal compound 52. Be able to differentiate between thermal death time (TDT) and thermal death point (TDP) 53. Be able to discuss the use of osmotic preservation also, be able to discuss cellular effects 54. Be able to differentiate between ionizing and non-­‐ionizing and discuss the type of damage caused by the two. 55. Understand the purpose and procedure behind the Kirby Bauer technique and the tube dilution test 56. Understand what pathogen characteristics are best to target and which could be dangerous to the host cells 57. Know the methods organisms use to counter effect antimicrobials 58. Understand how the use of antimicrobials selects for resistant strains 59. Understand the major ways that organisms develop or acquire resistance mechanisms to include: spontaneous mutation, transformation, transduction and conjugation