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OCN 201 Fall 2009 Exam 1 Study Guide Exam 1 will be held on Friday, October 2nd during the normal time and place for class. Past exams are posted on the OCN 201 web site, http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/courses_html/OCN201/exams.html It is highly recommended that you review the old exams, and then consult the TA’s during office hours to answer any of your remaining questions. This review is not guaranteed to be complete, or indicative of topics that will be covered on the test. You MUST bring a #2 pencil and your UH student ID to the exam! Key Terms and Concepts: scientific method observation hypothesis prediction theory Polynesian navigation home reference system dead reckoning Library of Alexandria longitude problem origin of the Universe parallax Doppler effect Big Bang Theory nuclear fusion supernova explosion chemical differentiation rocky planets gas giants ice giants bulk composition of Earth/Sun volatile/refractory compounds accretion outgassing crust mantle inner/outer core lithosphere asthenosphere mesosphere shadow zone P-waves S-waves comparative planetology hypsometric curve isostasy Alfred Wegener Pangaea Panthalassa magnetic pole true north polar wandering shrinking earth theory continental drift seafloor spreading paleomagnetic "tape recorder" subduction convection mobile belts cratons terranes divergent boundary constructional boundary convergent boundary: ocean-ocean ocean-continent continent-continent destructional boundary conservative boundary continental shelf continental rise continental slope shelf break Atlantic-type margin Pacific-type margin slab pull mid-ocean ridge trench island arc andesite basalt dry/wet melting fracture zones transform fault guyot atoll abyssal plain abyssal hills seamount hot spot mantle plume LIPs aseismic ridge Wadati-Benioff zone detrital sediments chemical sediments CCD Sediment classification deep-sea sampling deep-sea sediments Practice questions (These questions come almost exclusively from past exams. Please look at past exams for the most thorough review of the material). 1. What indicators did ancient Polynesian navigators use to recognize the presence of islands up to 30 miles away? 2. What is chemical differentiation, and how is this related to the distribution of planets in our solar system? 3. Scientists believe that Earth formed by the infall of planetesimals. What formed the planetesimals? What evidence tells us that they were cold and that they accreted rapidly? 4. What are the theories for the origin of the moon? Which one do scientists most strongly believe? 5. How old is the earth, and how do we know this? 6. What are the four most abundant elements on earth? 7. Why do we have oceans on earth? 8. We believe that the earth’s early atmosphere contained no free oxygen. Why do we have free oxygen in the atmosphere today? 9. What evidence do we have that the earth’s outgassing is not yet complete? 10. What is the structure of the earth’s interior? 11. Why do we believe that the earth’s inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid? 12. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? 13. What is the chemical equation for the weathering of silicate rocks? 14. Why does Venus, which is similar to Earth, not have oceans? 15. List the basic characteristics of the Pacific and Atlantic basins. How are they similar? How are they different? 16. What is the evidence for continental drift and seafloor spreading? 17. How will the rate of seafloor spreading affect ocean basin volume? 18. How are continents formed? 19. What is the ultimate driver of lithospheric plate motion? What four specific forces are involved? Which of these four is the most important? 20. Describe the three types of plate boundaries. (Of these three types, one has three additional types). 21. How does an Atlantic-type continental margin look? How does a Pacific-type continental margin look? 22. How do hot spots form island chains, seamounts, guyots, and atolls? 23. What is the Darwin point? Why do atolls reach the Darwin point? 24. What are the different ways in which sediments can be classified?