Download Diversity of Life Pacing Guide (70 - 80

Diversity of Life Pacing Guide (70 - 80 instructional days)
Lesson
Recommended
Number of
Periods
Investigation 1:
What is Life?
4-5
Investigation 2:
Introduction to the Microscope
4-5
Focus Questions
Concepts
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Part 1: Living or Nonliving – How do we determine if something is living or non-living?
Part 2: Is Anything Alive in Here? – What evidence is used to determine if
something is living or non-living?
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Any free-living thing - plant, animal, or other - is an organism.
All living organisms exhibit common characteristics: they grow, consume nutrients,
exchange gases, respond to stimuli, reproduce, need water, eliminate waste, and are
composed of cells.
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Part 1: Meet the Microscope – How do the parts of a microscope work together as a
system to magnify an object? What do you observe about the behavior of objects
when viewed through a microscope?
Part 2: Exploring the Microworld – What is meant by “focal plane?” How do you
calculate magnification? What is the field of view (in mm) under different
magnifications?
Part 3: Microscopic Life – What additional characteristics of life can we observe
when looking at brine shrimp under a microscope?
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The microscope is a tool used by scientists to study organisms in detail.
An optical microscope is composed of a two-lens system (eyepiece and objective lens),
a stage on which to mount the material being observed, a light source (radiant or
reflective), and a mechanical system for adjusting the position of the focal plane.
Field of view is the size of the area seen under a specific magnification with the
microscope.
Focal plane is a thin plane at a fixed distance from the objective lens where the image
is in focus.
Optical power is the product of the magnifications of the eyepiece and the objective
lens.
A microscope image appears reversed (flipped left to right) and inverted (flipped top
to bottom). When an object is moved from left to right, through the eyepiece it
appears to move from right to left.
Scientific illustrations, to scale and with labels, of objects viewed under the
microscope help us understand the details of what we observe.
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Investigation 3:
Microscopic Life
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5-6
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Part 1: Discovering Cells – When looking at an Elodea leaf under magnification, what
evidence of life can be observed? What characteristic appears to be common in all the
leaf samples? What do we call the unique structures that appear to make up this
organism?
Part 2: Paramecia – What evidence can be observed to support the idea that the
single-celled paramecium is an organism?
Part 3: Microworlds – How is it possible that living microorganisms can be found in
miniponds made from clean, drinkable water?
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The cell is the basic unit of life.
Cells have the same needs and perform the same functions as more complex organisms.
Paramecia have shape, a membrane, cilia, an oral groove, and organelles, including
vacuoles.
Plant cells (like elodea) have some different and some similar structures as paramecia.
Some living cells are organisms (single-celled organisms) and some are not organisms
(cells in multicellular organisms).
Investigation 4:
The Cell
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4-5
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Investigation 5:
Seeds of Life
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10
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Part 1: Human Cells - What are living things, including humans, made of? What
evidence do we have that humans not only have cells, but are cells?
Part 2: Ribbon of Life – What are the cellular structures that define cells? How are
cells organized into more advanced levels or organization within multi-cellular
organisms?
Part 1: Lima Bean Dissection – Are seeds living or nonliving? How do the three main
parts of a seed work together to produce a new plant?
Part 2: Sprouting Monocots and Dicots – What is germination? What sequence of
developments do you observe during the germination of radish and rye grass seeds?
Part 3: Root Cells – Do all the cells in the root look alike? How are they different?
Radish Seed Investigations – Student directed inquiries
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Investigation 6:
Transpiration
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8
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Investigation 7:
Plant Reproduction
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5-6
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Investigation 8:
Snails
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6
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Part 1: What Happened to the Water? - Can plants without roots absorb water?
What evidence supports the fact that the celery stalk caused the water to disappear?
What evidence supports the fact that water did not collect in the celery stalk?
Part 2: Looking at Leaves - How does water move throughout the plant? If water
does not collect in the plant, how does it escape?
Part 3: Trees and Shrubs – What role does transpiration play in the earth’s water
cycle?
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Humans and all other life forms are made of cells; cells are the basic units of life.
All life is aquatic at the cellular level.
A major subdivision in cells is whether they have a nucleus (eukarote – includes protist,
plant and animal cells) or not (prokaryote – includes bacteria).
Cells have defining structures, such as membranes, cell walls, nuclei, chloroplasts,
cytoplasm, ribosomes, and mitochondria that carry out the life functions of a cell.
Several of these structures can be seen by students in the classroom.
Seeds contain the dormant, living embryo of a plant.
Germination is the onset of growth and differentiation in plant seeds.
Growing roots typically have a root tip where cell division takes place, a zone of
elongation, and a zone of maturation where root hairs develop. The root hairs absorb
water needed by plant cells.
The cotyledon is the primary source of energy for seed germination and early plant
growth.
Seeds do not require light for germination; seeds require water, warmth and oxygen.
Water in the form of water vapor, a gas, continually leaves a plant through stomates.
This is called transpiration.
Stomates open and close to regulate the rate of transpiration.
Stomates can be observed on the underside of a leaf using a microscope.
A system of tubelike connected cells, called xylem, transports water from the roots to
all structures of the plant.
Part 1: Flower Dissection – What are the major structures of flowers? What is the
function of flowers and pollination in sexual reproduction in plants?
Part 2: Seed Dispersal – How is a seed produced? What are some seed dispersal
mechanisms? How do seed dispersal mechanisms contribute to a plant’s survival?
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Flowering plants reproduce sexually.
The stamen, anther, and pollen are male parts of the flower.
The pistil, stigma and ovary are the female parts of the flower.
Petals and sepals are other important parts of a flower.
During pollination, pollen is carried from the anthers on the stamens of a flower to the
stigma of the pistil on a different flower of the same species. The sperm cells in the
pollen combine with the egg cells in the ovaries to develop into the embryo (seed) of a
new plant.
Part 1: Meet the Land Snail – What can you observe about a snail’s structures and
movement? How does a hand lens and flashlight enhance your observations?
Part 2: Snail Habitats – How would you design a fair test to observe the different
preferences of a snail? What would a model habitat include that would meet the needs
of snails?
Part 3: Snail Comparisons – What are some similarities and differences between
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Snails are a type of invertebrate called a gastropod (gastro – stomach, pod – foot). It
has a muscular foot, a head with sensory organs, and a shell for protection.
A habitat provides an animal with food, water, shelter and reproductive needs.
Anthropomorphism (anthrop - man/human, morph – shape) is attributing human
thoughts and feelings to nonhuman organisms.
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snails and other organisms?
Investigation 9:
Cockroaches
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6
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Investigation 10:
Kingdoms of Life
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6-7
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Part 1: Introducing Insects – What are examples of behavioral and structural
adaptations that have allowed some insects to survive and reproduce?
Part 2: Cockroaches – How do cockroaches respond to such stimuli as wind, water,
smells, food, antennae handling, and movement? What questions do you have about
cockroaches that you’d like to investigate?
Part 3: Cockroach Habitat – What is the natural habitat of a cockroach? How do
cockroaches live in their natural environment?
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Insects have 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen) six legs, and two antennae.
Adaptations are structures or behaviors of organisms that enhance their chances to
survive and reproduce in their habitat.
Part 1: Bacteria and Fungi – Where do you find bacteria and fungi? In order to grow
and reproduce, what will bacteria and fungi need? How is it possible to see bacteria
and fungi with the naked eye?
Part 2: Exponential Growth – How long do you think it will take for one bacterium to
reproduce to become a colony of one million? What other information would you need
to make a reasonable prediction?
Part 3: Microbes We Eat – What is the role of microorganisms in transforming foods
and recycling nutrients through decomposition?
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Microbe is the general name for microscopic bacteria and fungi, especially those that
cause disease and promote fermentation.
Bacteria, fungi and algae have the characteristics of living organisms.
Bacteria have a cell membrane but no internal organelles. They are also called
Prokaryotes.
Bacteria and fungi are found on all surfaces and in the water and air around us.
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