Download bio exam review 14 15 new - Saint Joseph High School

REVIEW FOR SECOND SEMESTER BIOLOGY EXAM 14-15
Chapter 8 – Photosynthesis
Big Idea: How do plants and other organisms capture energy from the sun?
8.1 Energy and Life
Key questions:
1.Why is ATP useful to cells?
###2. What happens during the process of photosynthesis?
Vocabulary: adenosine triphosphate (ATP), heterotroph, autotroph, photosynthesis
8.2 Photosynthesis: An Overview
Key questions:
1. What role do pigments play in the process of photosynthesis?
2. What are electron carrier molecules?
###3. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
Vocabulary: pigment, chlorophyll, thylakoid, stroma, NADP+, light-dependent reactions,
light-independent reactions
8.3 The Process of Photosynthesis
Key questions:
1. What happens during the light-dependent reactions?
2. What happens during the light-independent reactions?
3. What factors affect photosynthesis?
Vocabulary: photosystem, electron transport chain, ATP synthase, Calvin cycle
Chapter 9 – Respiration
Big Idea: How do organisms obtain energy?
9.1 Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Key questions:
1. Where do organisms get energy?
###2. What is cellular respiration?
###3. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular
respiration?
Vocabulary: calorie, cellular respiration, aerobic, anaerobic
9.2 The Process of Cellular Respiration
Key questions:
1. What happens during the process of glycolysis?
2.What happens during the Krebs cycle?
3. How does the electron transport chain use high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the
Krebs cycle?
4. How much ATP does cellular respiration generate?
Vocabulary: glycolysis, NAD+, Krebs cycle, matrix
Chapter 10 – Cell Growth and Division
Big Idea: How does a cell produce a new cell?
10.1 Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction
Key questions:
1. What are some of the difficulties a cell faces as it increases its size?
2. How do asexual and sexual reproduction compare?
Vocabulary: cell division, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction
10.2 The Process of Cell Division
Key questions:
1. What is the role of chromosomes in cell division?
###2. What are the main events of the cell cycle?
###3. What events occur during each of the four phases of mitosis?
4. How do daughter cells split apart after mitosis?
Vocabulary: chromosome, chromatin, cell cycle, interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, prophase,
centromere, chromatid, centriole, metaphase, anaphase, telophase,
10.3 Regulating the Cell Cycle
Key questions:
1. How is the cell cycle regulated?
2. How do cancer cells differ from other cells?
Vocabulary: cyclin, growth factor, apoptosis, cancer, tumor
10.4 Cell Differentiation
Key questions:
1. How do cells become specialized for different functions?
2. What are stem cells?
3. What are some possible benefits and issues associated with stem cell research?
Chapter 11 – Introduction to Genetics
Big Idea: How does biological information pass from one generation to another?
11.1 The Work of Gregor Mendel
Key questions:
1. Where does an organism get its unique characteristics?
2. How are different forms of a gene distributed to offspring?
Vocabulary: genetics, fertilization, trait, hybrid, gene, allele, principle of dominance, segregation,
gamete
11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles
Key questions:
1. How can we use probability to predict traits?
###2. How do alleles segregate when more than one gene is involved?
###3. What did Mendel contribute to our understanding of genetics?
Vocabulary: probability, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, Punnett square,
independent assortment
11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance
Key questions:
###1. What are some exceptions to Mendel’s principles?
2. Does the environment have a role in how genes determine traits?
Vocabulary: incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple allele, polygenic trait
11.4 Meiosis
Key questions:
1. How many sets of genes are found in most adult organisms?
2. What events occur during each phase of meiosis?
3. How is meiosis different from mitosis?
4. How can two alleles from different genes be inherited together?
Vocabulary: homologous, diploid, haploid, meiosis, tetrad, crossing-over, zygote
Chapter 12 – DNA
Big idea: What is the structure of DNA, and how does it function in genetic
inheritance?
12.2 The Structure of DNA
Key questions:
1. What are the chemical components of DNA?
2. What clues helped scientists solve the structure of DNA?
3. What does the double-helix model tell us about DNA?
Vocabulary: base pairing
12.3 DNA Replication
Key questions:
1. What role does DNA polymerase play in copying DNA?
###2. How does DNA replication differ in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic
cells?
Vocabulary: replication, DNA polymerase, telomere
Chapter 13 – RNA
Big Idea: How does information flow from DNA to RNA to direct the synthesis of
proteins?
13.1 RNA
Key questions:
1. How does RNA differ from DNA?
2. How does the cell make RNA?
Vocabulary: RNA, messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, transcription, RNA polymerase,
promoter, intron, exon
13.2 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
Key questions:
###1. What is the genetic code, and how is it read?
###2. What role does the ribosome play in assembling proteins?
3. What is the ‘central dogma’ or molecular biology?
Vocabulary: polypeptide, genetic code, codon, translation, anticodon, gene expression
13.3 Mutations
Key questions:
###1. What are mutations?
###2. How do mutations affect genes?
Vocabulary: mutation, point mutation, frameshift mutation, mutagen, polyploidy
Chapter 16 Evolution
Big Idea: What is natural selection?
16.1 Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery
Key questions:
1. What was Charles Darwin’s contribution to science?
2. What three patterns did Darwin note?
Vocabulary: evolution, fossil
16.2 Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
Key questions:
1. What did Hutton and Lyell conclude about Earth’s history?
2. How do Lamarck propose that species evolve?
3. What was Malthus’s view of population growth?
4. How is inherited variation used in artificial selection?
Vocabulary: artificial selection
16.3 Darwin Presents His Case
Key questions:
###1. Under what conditions does natural selection occur?
###2. What does Darwin’s mechanism for evolution suggest about living and extinct
species?
Vocabulary: adaptation, fitness, natural selection
16.4 Evidence of Evolution
Key questions:
1. How does the geographic distribution of species today relate to their evolutionary
history?
###2. How do fossils help to document the descent of modern species from ancient
ancestors?
###3. What do homologous structures and similarities in embryonic development suggest
about the process of evolutionary change?
4. How can molecular biology be used to trace the process of evolution?
5. What does recent research on the Galapagos finches show about natural selection?
Vocabulary: biogeography, homologous structure, analogous structure, vestigial structure