Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
14-1 (03) release dates: March 29-April 4 TM TM Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc. By BETTY DEBNAM from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc. On Shaky Ground All About Earthquakes In October 1989, a major earthquake hit in the Santa Cruz Mountains in California, on the San Andreas Fault. It was a magnitude 6.9, and caused 63 deaths and about $6 billion in damage. (“Magnitude” is a measure of how powerful an earthquake is.) This freeway was torn apart by the quake. photos courtesy U .S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey An earthquake is the sudden release of energy caused by the movement of the Earth’s crust. During an earthquake: • the Earth shakes and cracks; • there are landslides; • sandy areas with a lot of water might turn to liquid for a matter of seconds up to a few minutes. The liquid can be forced upward as high as 20 feet. It blasts through cracks and holes much as a volcano erupts. The holes it makes are called “sand boils” or “sand blows.” When Where in the U.S. There are some areas where earthquakes occur more frequently. For example, there might be two earthquakes in an area in 100 years. But in other places there could be 1,000 years between quakes. The chances of an earthquake are much less in the eastern than in the western United States. However, at least some spot in every state has felt the effects of an earthquake. Where in the world The largest earthquake to hit in the U.S. was in the waters off the coast of Alaska in 1964. It was a 9.2 magnitude and caused much damage in Anchorage, including this elementary school, which was destroyed by a landslide during the quake. Earthquakes usually occur where they have happened in the past. Most earthquakes occur in areas around the Pacific Ocean. This area is called the “Ring of Fire.” Major earthquakes have struck in the states shaded in the map, and in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Predicting a quake Today scientists can often determine where earthquakes might happen and how big they might be. But they don’t know exactly when they’ll occur. They only have about 100 years of useful information on earthquakes, not enough for accurate predictions. The shaded area shows the most active earthquake areas. On Nov. 3, 2002, the largest known earthquake to hit on land in the U.S. struck in Alaska. It was a magnitude 7.9. Luckily, there was little damage because this earthquake hit in wilderness areas. It sloshed water in lakes as far away as Louisiana. Please include all of the appropriate registered trademark symbols and copyright lines in any publication of The Mini Page®. ® 14-2 (03); release dates: March 29-April 4 Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc. More About Earthquakes Earthquake safety Tsunamis Earthquake fact-a-roonies • under supporting archways, but not in a doorway where a swinging door might cause injuries. • against inside walls. • under heavy pieces of furniture such as desks or heavy tables. • Stay away from things that could break or fall on you. Outside: Move away from buildings and electrical wires. Once in the open, stay there until the shaking stops. from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc. Mini Spy . . . photo courtesy FEMA, NOAA NewsPhoto • Stay where you are. If outdoors, stay outdoors. If indoors, stay indoors. Most people get hurt when they are entering or leaving buildings. If you are inside: Learn the safe spots in each room. The high waves of a tsunami threaten to capsize this boat. Tsunamis (soo-NAHM-ees) are huge, fast-moving water waves usually caused by earthquakes under the ocean. The name comes from a Japanese word meaning “harbor wave.” They can also be caused by underwater landslides and volcanic eruptions, as well as by nuclear explosions and meteorites landing in the ocean. Tsunami waves can be 100 feet high and travel at speeds of about 600 miles per hour. Earthquakes in Chile have caused tsunamis that killed people in Japan. TM Mini Spy and her friends are looking at a map of where earthquakes usually occur. See if you can find: • exclamation mark • strawberry • bell • key • umbrella • snail • number 3 • number 7 • sailboat • word MINI • two hearts • number 2 • coffee pot • alligator • man in the moon • question mark • whale Brown Basset ws The Ned’s Houn TM • The biggest earthquake ever recorded in the world was in Chile, South America, in 1960. It was a magnitude 9.5. The seismic waves from that quake shook the whole Earth for several days. • Experts believe that each year there are about a halfmillion earthquakes big enough to be detected by instruments. People feel only about 100,000 of these. Only about 100 of them cause much damage. • There are about 10,000 earthquakes each year in Southern California. People don’t even feel most of them. • The states with the smallest number of earthquakes are Florida and North Dakota. from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc. Earthquakes TRY ’N FIND Words and names that remind us of earthquakes are hidden in the block below. Some words are hidden backward or diagonally. See if you can find: ALASKA, SEISMOGRAPH, GROUND, MOVEMENT, CRUST, SHAKES, LANDSLIDES, FAULT, CORE, HIT, DAMAGE, SEISMIC, EPICENTER, WAVES, PLATES, EARTH, CALIFORNIA, MERCALLI. S E D I L S D N A L C C H I T NATURE IS S E V A W A K S A L A R O M M POWERFUL! N R E T N E C I P E L D U R O D N U O R G S E K A H S V S E D M O V E M E N T T L U A F T A I N R O F I L A C E A R T H C I M S I E S W E G A M A D N I L L A C R E M P L A T E S H K S E I S M O G R A P H M M K Please include all of the appropriate registered trademark symbols and copyright lines in any publication of The Mini Page®. ® 14-3 (03); release dates: March 29-April 4 Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate Go dot to dot and color. Connect letters A to O to find the San Andreas Fault, then connect numbers 1 to 31 to find the state it runs through. TM Rookie Cookie’s Recipe Chocolate Chip Cake Cookies You’ll need: • 1 package cake mix, flavor of your choice • 1/2 cup cooking oil • 2 eggs • 21/2 tablespoons water • 1 (8-ounce) package semisweet chocolate chips What to do: 1. Grease a cookie sheet. 2. Combine ingredients and mix together well. 3. Place batter on cookie sheet in spoonfuls spaced about 2 inches apart. 4. Bake in a preheated 350-degree oven for 10 minutes. 5. Remove from oven and let cool. Yields 2 dozen cookies. from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc. Meet Avril Lavigne Avril Lavigne was born in the small Canadian town of Napanee, Ontario. At the age of 2, she was wowing people with her voice. From an early age, she knew she wanted to be a singer. She entered talent contests, and sang in church and at music fairs and festivals. At the age of 16, she was discovered and signed a contract with Arista Records. Avril is her own songwriter. She wants to distinguish herself from other pop artists with her unique style, personal lyrics and rock-driven music. “I write what I feel. I never worry what others think. I’m going to dress what’s me, I’m going to act what’s me and I’m going to sing what’s me,” she says. This state has about 10,000 earthquakes every year! from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc. The Mini Page Presidents of the United States Poster Large1! 2” / 22 1/2” x 28 Ideal for Classroom or Home • Includes every president in chronological order, from George Washington to George W. Bush, with the dates that each held office • Handsome reproductions of engraved portraits • An attractive educational reference To order, send $3.00 plus $1.50 postage and handling for each copy. Send check or money order (U.S. funds only) payable to: Andrews McMeel Universal, P.O. Box 6814, Leawood, KS 66206. Please send _________ copies of The Mini Page Presidents of the United States Poster (Item #9939-6) at $4.50 each, including postage and handling. (Bulk discount information available upon request.) Toll free number 1-800-591-2097. www.smartwarehousing.com Name: _____________________________________________________________________________________ Address: ___________________________________________________________________________________ City: ____________________________________________________ State: ___________ Zip: ____________ from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc. from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc. TM All the following jokes have something in common. Can you guess the common theme or category? Steve: What do you call two bananas? Susan: A pair of slippers! Patrick: What did the banana do when it saw a monster? Jane: The banana split! Jeff: What sport do bananas compete in? Julia: Track and peel! Please include all of the appropriate registered trademark symbols and copyright lines in any publication of The Mini Page®. ® 14-4 (03); release dates: March 29-April 4 Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc. More About Earthquakes Our Earth Epicenter Crust Seismic waves Focus Seismic waves Mantle Seismic waves In the years before a quake, the Earth’s crust bends, and then when it finally snaps into a new position, an earthquake occurs. While the crust is snapping, vibrations called “seismic waves” travel from the source of the quake to faraway places. Seismographs (SIZE-moh-grafs) are instruments that measure seismic waves. They can measure earthquakes thousands of miles away. Seismographs send the earthquake signals to a computer, where scientists can look at the zigzag records on the screen. photos courtesy U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey The Mini Page thanks Lisa Wald, geophysicist, Earthquake Hazards Program, U.S. Geological Survey, for help with this issue. Faults The Mercalli scale The surface, or crust, that surrounds the Earth is broken into 15 huge parts called plates. These plates are like puzzle pieces. The edges of these plates are where faults are located. Most earthquakes occur along these faults. During a quake, one plate might move to the side. The other plate might move the other way. Or one plate might move up and the other might move down. Many earthquakes occur along the San Andreas Fault, which stretches about 650 miles along the coast of California. The San Andreas Fault is a boundary area between two plates that are still moving, so it is likely there will be more earthquakes in that area. But scientists cannot predict when they might come. Scientists have ways to record how big earthquakes are. One, the Mercalli scale, measures the effects of earthquakes on people, landscapes, buildings, roads and bridges. It uses Roman numerals from I to XII. Below are a few of the steps. Site to see: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/4kids/ Look through your newspaper for stories and pictures about nature. I — not felt except by a few. V — felt by practically all and frightens a few. XII — damage nearly total. art courtesy U.S. Geological Survey The focus is where the earthquake starts. The epicenter is the point on the Earth’s surface just above the focus. art courtesy U.S. Geological Survey A. inner core of solid iron and nickel B. outer core of melted iron and nickel C. mantle of molten rock. This is melting rock, in a kind of halfway stage between being solid and liquid. D. hard crust, from 5 miles to 40 miles deep The force of most earthquakes is centered in the crust (D) and in the upper part of the mantle (C). One of the largest earthquakes in the U.S. hit San Francisco in 1906. The earthquake and resulting fires destroyed most of the city. Energy Magnitude scale The Energy Magnitude scale measures how much energy the Earth releases during a quake. It is also called the “moment magnitude.” In the past, scientists used a scale called the Richter, but that was not as accurate as the energy scale. The energy scale uses a special math formula to measure earthquakes. 1.0 to 2.0 — usually detected only by instruments 3.0 to 4.0 — can hardly be felt 4.0 to 5.0 — generally felt, slight damage 6.0 — moderately destructive 7.0 — major earthquake 8.0 — great earthquake Next week in The Mini Page, read all about Library Week and award-winning books. Please include all of the appropriate registered trademark symbols and copyright lines in any publication of The Mini Page®. photo courtesy U.S. Dept. of the In terior, U.S. Geological Survey Read all about earthquakes in ® Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate by Betty Debnam Appearing in your newspaper on ____________. from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc. (Note to Editor: Above is cameraready, one column-by-41/4-inch ad promoting Issue 14.) release dates: March 29-April 4 14-5 (03) from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The MIni Page Publishing Company Inc. ® Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate Standards Spotlight: All About Earthquakes Mini Page activities meet many state and national educational standards. Each week we identify standards that relate to The Mini Page’s content and offer activities that will help your students reach them. This week’s standards: • Students understand changes in the Earth and sky. ( Science: Earth and Space Science) • Students understand science and technology. (Science: Science and Technology) Activities: 1. Create a timeline that shows the earthquakes in today’s Mini Page. Draw a picture for each item on the timeline. 2. Look at the map of the “Ring of Fire” in today’s Mini Page. Compare the map to an atlas. Find the names of two countries from each continent that is in the earthquake zone. 3. Collect newspaper stories about natural phenomena that occur on or in the Earth, such as storms, wind, etc. How do scientists measure each phenomenon (for example, wind speed, flood stages, etc.)? What instruments do they use for their measurements? 4. What is the difference between the way the Mercalli scale and the Energy Magnitude scale measure earthquakes? Which is more scientific? Why? 5. Use reference books and the Internet to learn more about earthquakes. Use these questions to guide your research: How close is your community to an earthquake zone? What kinds of destruction are caused by earthquakes? What special problems occur when an earthquake hits in a city or other developed area? What should people do to be prepared for an earthquake? (standards by Dr. Sherrye D. Garrett, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi) (Note to Editor: Above is the Standards for Issue 14.) TM from The Mini Page by Betty Debnam © 2003 The Mini Page Publishing Company Inc. Supersport: T.J. Ford Height: 5-10 Hometown: Houston, Texas Weight: 165 T.J. Ford is taking the University of Texas basketball team on a joy ride. The lightning-fast point guard won National Freshman of the Year honors in 2002, and this year helped the Longhorns gain a top 3 ranking in the polls. Ford became the only freshman in NCAA history to lead the NCAA Division I in assists, with 8.2 per game. This season he set up his teammates again, averaging more than 7 assists. He also averages about 14 points and more than two steals per game. He is jack-rabbit quick and describes his playing style as “Mister Magic.” “He has a great understanding of the game,” Coach Rick Barnes said. “He’s like a Kodak camera. He sees everything (on the court).” T.J., which stands for Terrance Jerod, enjoys going to movies and listening to music in addition to playing basketball. In school, he is is majoring in education and has this advice for children: “Take in a lot of knowledge and it will help you be a better person.” (Note to Editor: Above is copy block for Page 3, Issue 14, to be used in place of ad if desired.) Please include all of the appropriate registered trademark symbols and copyright lines in any publication of The Mini Page®.