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Transcript
6.1 Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics Elastic Rebound Theory Major Earthquake Zones 6.2 Recording Earthquakes Types of Seismic Waves Locating an Earthquake Earthquake Measure 6.3 Earthquake Damage Destruction toTsunamis Buildings and Property Earthquake Safety Earthquake Warning and Predictions Movie: Main/ Interesting Points Earthquakes are defined as _____________________________________ (lithospheric plates) Elastic Rebound Theory: rocks on each side of a fault are moving slowly. If the fault is locked, stress in the rock increases. When a rock is stressed past a certain point, _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Rocks along a fault ________________________________________ ________________________________________ Aftershocks are a __________________________ which occur when the surrounding rocks become stressed, fracture, and then spring back The area ______________________________________________ is called the focus The ______________________________________ the focus is called the epicenter When an earthquake occurs, seismic waves ________________________________________________, similar to a rock dropped in water Earthquakes can be at three depths: 1. 2. 3. Most earthquakes do _______________________ deep in the earth, because rocks ________________________________ and bend rather than fracture. At some plate boundaries _____________________________________________ called fault zones. Earthquakes do not ONLY occur at plate boundaries… ___________________________________________________ Recording Earthquakes Seismic waves _____________________________________________________________________ by using an instrument called a seismograph A __________________________ records motion by tracing wave-shaped lines on paper or by translating the motion into electronic signals. There are three types of seismic waves: P WAVES S WAVES SURFACE WAVES To locate an earthquake scientists analyze the difference between arrival times of the P and S waves using the seismograph. Primary waves travel 1.7 times faster than S waves. The more time that passes between the P and S wave arrival, the further away the earthquake is from the seismograph Scientists can use this graph to calculate how far away the earthquake was. Using the data from three separate seismograph stations scientists can determine the epicenter of the earthquake. Earthquake Measurement: two methods Scientist use the _______________________ to determine how strong an earthquake is (_____________________________) The ________________________________ expresses the intensity (__________________________________) an earthquake causes Earthquake Damage Most injuries from earthquakes are caused by _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Very __________________________________ can withstand the ground vibrations caused by earthquakes A major earthquake with an ____________________________________________________________________ A major drop or movement in the ocean floor causes the ________________________________________, eventually this movement results in huge waves that crash into land formations Earthquake Safety: a few basic rules __________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Earthquake Warnings and Predictions One of the earliest means of predicting earthquakes was by observing __________________________ Just before an earthquake animals appear _____________________________________ Scientist have placed various instruments along known fault lines to _______________________________________________ Along some faults scientist have found _________________________________________________________ A lot of stress builds up at these sites and seismic gap areas are considered earthquake hot spots Scientists can also detect a _________________________________________ just before an earthquake Scientist record ______________________________ in rocks as well as the _________________________________ properties All of these ______________________________ change slightly before an earthquake There is ________________________________ to predict an earthquake