Download WWII

The Rise of Dictators and
World War II, 1931–1945
The rise of fascism
leads to World War
II. The war is won by
the allies and has
major consequences
for the world.
British troops advance across the
desert during the North Africa campaign
of World War II.
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The Rise of Dictators and
World War II, 1931–1945
SECTION 1
Steps to War
SECTION 2
War in Africa and Europe
SECTION 3
War in the Pacific
SECTION 4
The Home Front
SECTION 5
The Legacy of the War
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Section 1
Steps to War
The rise of dictators in Europe and Asia
leads to World War II.
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SECTION
1
Steps to War
The Rise of Dictators
• By mid-1930s, dictators control Italy, Germany,
Japan, Soviet Union
• Japan, Italy dissatisfied by treaties ending
World War I
• After WW I Germany treated harshly, loses
some territories, all colonies
• Forced to disarm, pay war damages, accept
war’s responsibility
• Great Depression causes mass
unemployment, unrest worldwide
• Many Europeans turn to new leaders to solve
problems
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SECTION
1
Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin
• Italy’s Benito Mussolini begins political
movement called fascism
• Fascism—extreme nationalism, patriotism,
linked to racism:
- oppress people with different views
• Mussolini becomes Italy’s dictator (1925),
called IL Duce (the Leader)
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Continued . . .
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1
continued Mussolini,
Hitler, and Stalin
• Adolf Hitler leads National Socialist German
Worker’s Party (Nazi )
• Nazis preach German racial superiority,
revenge of WW I defeat
• Win control, government (1933), Hitler called
der Führer (the Leader)
• In Russia, Joseph Stalin succeeds V.I. Lenin
• Imposes strict control, crushes any form of
opposition
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1
Dictators Seek to Expand Territory
• Japan conquers Manchuria (1931), Italy
conquers Ethiopia (1936)
• Germany takes over Rhineland, shock French
who take no action
• Germany, Italy, their allies form alliance known
as the Axis
• Supported by Hitler and Mussolini, fascist
forces take over Spain
• Hitler invades Austria (1938), welcomed by
many Germans, Austrians
Map
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1
Appeasement at Munich
• Hitler wants to take over Sudetenland,
Czechoslovakia
• France, Russia pledge to support
Czechoslovakia if attacked
• Britain’s Neville Chamberlain meets with Hitler
(1938), agree that:
- Germany takes control of Sudetenland
- Germany promises not to seek more
territory
• Agreement is appeasement—meet
Germany’s demands to avoid war
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SECTION
1
Germany Starts the War
• Hitler conquers rest of Czechoslovakia, intends
to attack Poland
• Germany, Soviet Union sign nonaggression
pact, both invade Poland
• Germany uses new method of warfare
blitzkrieg (lightning war):
- stresses speed, surprise in use of tanks,
troops, planes
• Hitler conquers Denmark, Norway, Belgium,
Luxembourg, Netherlands
Interactive
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued Germany
Starts the War
• British soldiers retreat to Dunkirk, British
vessels evacuate them
• German troops invade France, reach Paris in
two weeks (1940)
• Britain’s Royal Air Force fights German Air
Force, or Luftwaffe
• German planes launch massive bombing
attack on London
• Battle of Britain frustrates Hitler, British do not
surrender
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SECTION
1
Germany Attacks the Soviet Union
• Soviet Union invades Finland, seizes Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania
• Despite alliance, Hitler and Stalin distrust each
other
• Hitler invades Soviet Union, June 1941
• Reinforces armies heading North, South
instead of focusing on Moscow
• Germans try to capture Leningrad for 3 years,
city never falls
• Harsh winter halts German advance, Soviets
drive Germans back
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1
The United States Aids the Allies
• FDR sets up Lend-Lease Act (1941), allows
U.S. to:
- lend, lease raw materials, equipment,
weapons to the Allies
- send $50 billion in war goods to Allies
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1
Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
• Japan joins alliance with Germany, Italy (1940)
• Wants to invade Dutch East Indies, needs to
eliminate U.S. Navy
• Japanese planes bomb American naval base
Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941)
• About 2,400 Americans die in attack, U.S.
planes, ships destroyed
• U.S. declares war on Japan, Germany; Italy
declares war on U.S.
Map
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Section 2
War in Africa and Europe
The Allies defeat the Axis powers in
Europe and Africa.
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SECTION
2
War in Africa and Europe
Mobilizing for War
• In U.S., millions volunteer for armed forces,
millions more drafted
• Selective Service Act—men between ages
18-38 register, military
• Mexican, African, Asian and Native Americans
enlist
• African Americans, some Japanese Americans
serve in segregated units
• Women serve in armed forces, also join Army,
Navy Nurse Corps
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SECTION
2
Battles in Africa and Italy
• Britain fights Axis forces for control of northern
Africa, Suez Canal
• General Erwin Rommel commands Germany’s
troops in Africa
• British stop German advance toward the Suez
Canal (1942)
• U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Allied
troops land, northern Africa
• Defeated by Rommel, regroup, force Axis in
northern Africa, surrender
• Allies establish base from which to attack
southern Europe
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Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Battles
in Africa and Italy
• Allies force Germans out of Sicily (1943),
sweep into Italy
• Mussolini imprisoned, escapes, Italy
surrenders to Allies (Sept. 1943)
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2
The Allied Advance and D-Day
• Germans attack Stalingrad, after harsh winter
surrender to Soviets (1943)
• D-Day—Allied forces invade Normandy in
France (June 6, 1944)
• After suffering severe losses, Allies secure
Normandy beaches
• Allied forces pour into France, liberate Paris
• U.S. soldier Audie Murphy kills 50 enemy
troops, gets Medal of Honor
• Battle of the Bulge—German troops attack
Allies, defeated
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SECTION
2
Victory in Europe
• Allied leaders FDR, Winston Churchill, Joseph
Stalin meet in Yalta
• Yalta Conference—plans made for end of
war, Europe’s future:
- Stalin promises to declare war on Japan
after Germany surrenders
- establish a postwar international
peace-keeping organization
- discuss types of government to be set up in
Eastern Europe
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Victory
in Europe
• FDR dies, vice-president Harry S. Truman
succeeds him
• Russians reach Berlin, Hitler commits suicide,
Germany surrenders
• Allies declare May 8, V-E Day (Victory in
Europe Day)
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SECTION
2
The Horrors of the Holocaust
• Allies discover concentration camps where
Jews, others murdered
• During the Holocaust Nazis kill:
- about 6 million Jews
- millions of people from other ethnic groups
- 11 million people in all
• Hitler preaches hatred of Jews, blames Jews
for Germany’s problems
Chart
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued The
Horrors of the Holocaust
• Hitler enforces anti-Semitism, denies Jews
their rights, possessions
• Starts “The Final Solution”—kill every Jew
under German rule
• Nazi’s cram Jews into concentration camps
• Force able-bodied to work, rest are
slaughtered
• Kill hundreds at a time in gas chambers, then
burn bodies in ovens
• In largest concentration camp, Auschwitz,
more than 1 million murdered
Image
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Section 3
War in the Pacific
After early losses, the Allies defeat the
Japanese in the Pacific.
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SECTION
3
War in the Pacific
Japan Expands Its Empire
• Japan conquers Hong Kong, Thailand, U.S.
islands Guam, Wake
• Attacks Malaya, Burma, defeats British forces
• Invades Philippines, meets stiff resistance from
U.S., Filipino troops
• In Philippines, U.S. General Douglas
MacArthur told to withdraw
• U.S. troops on Bataan surrender to Japan,
endure Bataan Death March
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3
The Allies Turn the Tide at Midway
• U.S. launches daring air raid on Japanese
cities, including Tokyo
• U.S. Navy blocks Japanese advance at Battle
of the Coral Sea
• Defeats Japanese navy at Battle of Midway
(June 1942)
• Marks turning point in the war
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SECTION
3
The Allies Advance
• Allies attack Japanese by using method called
island hopping:
- invade islands not heavily defended by
Japanese
- use captured islands to stage further attacks
Interactive
Continued . . .
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SECTION
3
continued The
Allies Advance
• Allies defeat Japanese at Guadalcanal (1942)
• Use Navajo language to transmit messages,
Navajos as Code Talkers
• Allies take over the Philippines, Japanese navy
severely damaged
• Japanese use kamikazes, suicide pilots fly
planes into Allied warships
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3
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
• Allies conquer islands of Iwo Jima, Okinawa
(1945)
• More than 18,000 U.S. deaths, more than
120,000 Japanese deaths
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3
Atomic Weapons End the War
• To avoid heavy U.S. casualties, U.S. uses
atomic bomb on Japan
• Manhattan Project—top-secret program set
up to build atomic bomb
• President Truman warns Japanese about
destruction
• Japan does not surrender, atomic bomb
dropped on Hiroshima, kills 70,000
• Japan refuses to surrender, 2nd atomic bomb
hits Nagasaki, kills 40,000
• Japan surrenders on September 2, 1945
Image
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Section 4
The Home Front
Americans at home make great contributions
to the Allied victory.
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4
The Home Front
Wartime Production
• War Production Board (WPB)—guides
production of war supplies
• WW II ends Great Depression, U.S.
unemployment rate falls
• Armed forces need for materials makes some
items scarce
• Rationing—families receive a fixed amount of
scarce items
• To pay for war, government raises income
taxes, sells war bonds
Chart
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4
Opportunities for Women and Minorities
• Many men fight overseas, demand for women
workers rises sharply
• “Rosie the Riveter”—popular image, strong
woman works in arms factory
• African Americans get many jobs in defense
industry
• Go to cities offering jobs, influx inflames racial
tension
Image
Continued . . .
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SECTION
4
continued Opportunities
for Women and Minorities
• A. Philip Randolph helps get equal rights for
blacks in workplaces
• President Roosevelt issues Executive Order
8802, outlaws:
- job discrimination in defense industries
working for U.S. government
• Thousands of Native Americans, Hispanics
work in war industries
• Bracero program—U.S. government hires
Mexicans to do farm labor
• Los Angeles, U.S. servicemen attack Mexican
Americans in zoot-suit riots
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4
The Internment of Japanese Americans
• After Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans seen
as security threat
• President Roosevelt supports JapaneseAmerican internment:
- more than 110,000 Japanese Americans
moved from homes to camps
- kept under guard, live in cramped conditions
• U.S. fear of Japanese-American disloyalty is
unfounded
• Japanese-American military units show
courage in battle
Map
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Section 5
The Legacy of the War
World War II has deep and lasting effects on
the United States and the world.
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5
The Legacy of the War
The War’s Human Cost
• World War II claims more lives than any other
war
• Soviet Union suffers most severe losses:
- 7.5 million military deaths, 5 million wounded
•
•Civilian casualties number in the millions
War creates about 21 million refugees, try to
readjust after war
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5
Economic Winners and Losers
• WW II leaves many of world’s economies in
ruins
• Only U.S. comes out of war with a strong
economy
• Secretary of State George C. Marshall sets up
Marshall Plan (1948):
- U.S. gives 13 billion to European countries
to help them revive
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5
Changes in American Society
• G.I. Bill of Rights—provides education,
economic help to veterans
• Returning soldiers cause housing shortage
• Many Americans have moved to war-related
jobs in cities, California
• Includes hundreds of thousands of
African-Americans
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5
The Nuremberg Trials
• Nuremberg trials—international court tries
Nazi leaders for war crimes
• 24 defendants accused of crimes against
humanity including:
- murder of millions of Jews, others
• 19 defendants found guilty, 12 sentenced to
death
• 185 other Nazi leaders found guilty in later
trials
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5
Creation of the United Nations
• WW II shows weakness of League of Nations
• League is weak largely because U.S. is not a
member
• 50 nations, including U.S., form peacekeeping
body—United Nations
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5
International Tensions
• United Nations helps found Israel, a homeland
for Jews in Palestine
• Neighboring Arab nations attack Israel
• Many colonies around the world fight for
independence
• Powerful Soviet Union puts Eastern Europe
under Communist control
• U.S. wants to stop spread of Communism
• End of WW II marks beginning of the atomic
age
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