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PSSA Science Review
Organisms and the Environment
Organisms and the Environment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Natural Selection
Heredity
Ecological Relationships and Systems
Change and the Environment
Humans and the Environment
1. Natural Selection
 Adaptation
 Structural, physiological, behavioral
 Passed on to offspring, increasing their
chances of survival
 Result of random mutation of genes
 Natural Selection
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Survival of Organisms
Reproduction
Inherited traits
Random Mutation
Variations
Adaptations
Mismatch with
environment
Survival
Death; no offspring
 Evolution
 Gradual process
 Happens to a species
 Extinction
 Variations
Sample Questions
1. A certain plant species has evolved to
contain a bad-tasting chemical. Which of the
following is the most likely outcome of this
adaptation?
A. Animals are less likely to eat the plant
B. The plant will be able to live in many different
environments.
C. The chemical is used to aid in photosynthesis.
D. Animals are more likely to eat the plant.
2
 Charles Darwin observed different finch species on the
Galapagos Islands. The different finches had evolved to have
breaks of varying size and shape that allowed them to eat certain
kinds of food. Choose the answer below that best completes the
table from top to bottom with the correct order of the beak
adaptation for each finch, based on the type of food it eats.
A.
B.
Type of Finch
Type of Beak
C.
Food Source
A. Tree Finch
Insects
B. Vegetarian Finch
Fruits and hard seeds
C. Cactus Finch
Cactus fruits and
insects inside cactus
flowers
A. Strong, stout beak; Small, short beak; Long, thin beak
B. Small, short beak; Long, thin beak; Strong, stout beak
C. Small, short beak; Strong, stout beak; Long, thin beak
D. Long, thin beak, Small, short beak; Strong, stout beak
2. Heredity
 Genetics
 Heredity
 Mendel’s Experiments & Observations
 Work with pea plants formed the basis of
genetics
 Studied seven characteristics of pea plants
 P1 Generation: parental plants
 F1 Generation: offspring of the P1 generation
 Dominant trait
 Recessive trait
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Sample Questions
1. Which of these best describes genetics?
A. The transmission of qualities from parents to offspring.
B. Comparing dominant and recessive traits.
C. The field of biology that investigates how characteristics are
transmitted from parents to offspring.
D. The growing of pea plants.
2. A guinea pig with black coat color is crossed with a guinea
pig with brown coat color. All their offspring have black
coat color. Which of these conclusions can you draw
from this observation?
A. Brown coat color is the dominant trait.
B. Black coat color is the dominant trait.
C. Black coat color is the recessive trait.
D. Neither coat color is a dominant trait.
3. Which of these best describes how you can tell whether a
trait is dominant or recessive?
A. Compare the traits of the P1 and F1 generations.
B. Examine only the traits of the F1 generation produced in the cross.
C. Count the number of organisms used in the cross.
D. Determine the age of the organisms used in the cross.
3. Ecological Relationships
and Systems
 Ecosystem
 Abiotic Factors
 Biotic Factors
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Interactions
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Competition
Predators
Prey
Symbiosis
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism (parasite, host)
Biomes
 Biome
 Terrestrial Biomes

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Temperate deciduous forest
Coniferous forest
Tropical forest
Grassland
Desert
Tundra
Biomes
 Marine Biome
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Intertidal zone
Neritic zone
Oceanic zone
Benthic zone
 Freshwater Biome
 Wetlands
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Sample Questions
1.
The cattle egret perches atop the buffalo’s back where
it is carried from one location to another and eats
insects flushed from the grass as the buffalo moves.
The buffalo is not benefited or harmed. What is this an
example of?
A. mutualism
B. commensalism
C. parasitism
D. predation
2.
An example of a biotic factor is
A. temperature
B. drinking water
C. fungi
D. oxygen
3. Which of these is an example of a freshwater biome?
A. tundra
B. deciduous forest
C. ocean
D. marsh
4. Change and the
Environment
 Population
 Size
 Density
 Factors that affect population
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 Populations need an equilibrium of
number of births and death
 Limiting Factor
 Examples:
 Carrying Capacity
 Populations will grow until the carrying
capacity is reached.
 Succession
 Primary succession
 Secondary succession
Sample Questions
1.
Which of these best describes a stable population?
A. more births than deaths
B. more deaths than births
C. number of births equals number of deaths
D. no births at all
2.
Which statement best describes how limiting factors
affect the organisms in an ecosystem?
A. They destroy resources organisms need to survive.
B. They provide what an organism needs to survive.
C. They keep a population from getting too large.
D. They have no effect on the organisms in an ecosystem.
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3. Which term represents the maximum number of
individuals an ecosystem can support?
A. population density
B. carrying capacity
C. succession
D. climax community
4. Which event will most likely causes secondary
succession to occur?
A. fire
B. volcano erupting
C. predator moving in
D. seasons changing
5. Humans and the Environment
 How do humans change the
environment?
Resource Use
 Natural Resource
 Renewable Resource
 Nonrenewable Resource
 Fossil Fuels
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Conservation
 Sustainable Development
 Desertification
 Deforestation
 Overfishing
Pollution
 Pollutants
 Air Pollution
 Water Pollution
Sample Questions
1.
Which of the following is not an example of
sustainable development?
A. plowing the land to prevent erosion
B. replanting forests with a variety of trees
C. conserving water
D. desertification
2.
Which of the following is a nonrenewable resource?
A. natural gas
B. marsh reeds
C. game animals
D. a wheat crop
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3. What is the best description of the process of
sustainable development?
A. using renewable resources at a rate faster than they can be
restored
B. using resources without destroying or depleting them while
providing for human needs
C. using nonrenewable resources to satisfy human needs while
ignoring needs of other living organisms
D. using nonrenewable resources without care for their
consumption
4. An example of a renewable resource is
A. water
B. coal
C. natural gas
D. minerals
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