Download Section 4 20585 Exam

Bio 1010 Introduction to Biology I Spring 2012 Section Four Exam (Watch for negative words like “not.”)
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae Smooth strain bacteria killed mice and Rough strain didn’t, in Griffith’s famous experiment
(1928). However, heat-killed Smooth strain that normally would not kill the mice:
A. Could transform Rough strain bacteria into Smooth strain, leaving the mice unharmed
B. Could transform Smooth strain bacteria into Rough strain, leaving the mice unharmed
C. Could transform Rough strain bacteria into Smooth strain, thereby killing the mice
D. Could transform Smooth strain bacteria into Rough strain, thereby killing the mice
2. Avery, Macleod and McCarty extended these experiments in the 1940’s by:
A. Mixing heat-killed Smooth and live Rough strain bacteria and a protease, which killed the mouse
B. Mixing heat-killed Smooth and live Rough strain bacteria and a DNase, which killed the mouse
C. Mixing heat-killed Rough and live Rough strain bacteria and a protease, which killed the mouse
D. Mixing heat-killed Rough and live Rough strain bacteria and a DNase, which killed the mouse
3. Hershey and Chase in 1950 then confirmed Avery, Macleod and McCarty’s conclusions with the bacteriophage virus
T4 and its host Escherichia coli by:
A. Labeling the virus’s protein coat with radioactive phosphorous, which made radioactive E. coli
B. Labeling the virus’s protein coat with radioactive sulfur, which made radioactive E. coli
C. Labeling the virus’s DNA with radioactive phosphorous, which made radioactive E. coli
D. Labeling the virus’s DNA with radioactive sulfur, which made radioactive E. coli
4. Collectively these three experiments proved that the hereditary, “transforming” substance in cells is:
A. Made of carbohydrates
B. Made of protein
C. Made of lipids
D. Made of DNA
5. In the 1950’s, Chargaff showed that DNA always contains equal amounts of the nitrogenous bases:
A. Adenine (A) as uracil (U), and cytosine (C) as guanine (G)
B. Adenine (A) as thymine (T), and cytosine (C) as guanine (G)
C. Aluminum (A) as titanium (T), and carbon (C) as gallium (G)
D. Alanine (A) as threonine (T), and cysteine (C), as glycine (G)
6. The reason Chargraff’s ‘rule’ (question 5 above) holds is that in DNA:
A. A always bonds to T, and C always bonds to G
B. A always bonds to U, and C always bonds to G
C. A always bonds to C, and T always bonds to G
D. A always bonds to C, and U always bonds to G
7. The four nitrogenous bases that are found in all forms of life within the different nucleotides of DNA are:
A. Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U)
B. Aluminum (A), carbon (C), gallium (G), and titanium (T)
C. Alanine (A), cysteine (C), glycine (G), and threonine (T)
D. Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)
8. The four nitrogenous bases that are found in all forms of life within the different nucleotides of RNA are:
A. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil
B. Aluminum, carbon, gallium, and titanium
C. Alanine, cysteine, glycine, and threonine
D. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
9. The individual, complementary nitrogenous base pairs of opposite DNA strands are held together by:
A. Ionic bonds
B. Peptide bonds
C. Covalent bonds
D. Hydrogen bonds
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10. The individual sugar-phosphate backbone strands of DNA are:
A. Oriented anti-parallel to each other
B. Oriented parallel to each other
C. Made of nitrogenous bases
D. Contain the sugar ribose
11. The genetic code is used in all life forms to turn special sequences of bases in DNA into proteins; it is:
A. Nearly universal across all of life
B. Different in each and every life form on earth
C. The four letter DNA code that specifies each amino acid
D. “Stingy” in that each amino acid has one and only one code
12. The genome of an organism is all of its:
A. Genetic material (DNA)
B. Visible characteristics
C. Expressed proteins
D. Transcribed RNA
13. A sequence of DNA nucleotides coding for a specific protein or a structural, regulatory, or catalytic RNA is a:
A. Genotype
B. Genome
C. Codon
D. Gene
14. In Bacteria and Archaea DNA is found _________________________________.
A. As chromosomes in the nucleus (and ‘naked’ in mitochondria and chloroplasts, if present)
B. ‘Naked’ in the nucleus (and ‘naked’ in mitochondria and chloroplasts, if present)
C. As chromosomes in the cytoplasm
D. ‘Naked’ in the cytoplasm
15. In Eukaryotes DNA is found _______________________________.
A. As chromosomes in the nucleus (and ‘naked’ in mitochondria and chloroplasts, if present)
B. ‘Naked’ in the nucleus (and ‘naked’ in mitochondria and chloroplasts, if present)
C. As chromosomes in the cytoplasm
D. ‘Naked’ in the cytoplasm
16. In the cells of all life forms DNA is never found in:
A. Chromosomes
B. Mitochondria
C. Chloroplasts
D. Ribosomes
17. Which of the following statements is true regarding the DNA in most Eukaryotes?
A. Most of the DNA has no known function, though a lot of it may be regulatory
B. Nearly every cell of a multicellular organism has a different DNA content
C. Individual chromosomes can be visualized at all stages of the cell cycle
D. “Junk” DNA is entirely, 100% without function
18. The process by which DNA reproduces itself is:
A. Semiconservative transcription
B. Semiconservative replication
C. Conservative transcription
D. Conservative replication
19. The enzyme in all life forms that adds nucleotides to form new strands of DNA, and, as a heat-stable version, is
essential for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is:
A. DNA polymerase
B. ATP synthase
C. Helicase
D. Rubisco
20. An organism’s entire ______________ must be duplicated in any of its cells before that cell can divide.
A. Transcriptome
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B. Phenotype
C. Proteome
D. Genome
21. The “Central Dogma” of molecular biology does not refer to which of the following statements?
A. Genetic information is transferred from protein to nucleic acid
B. Genetic information is transferred from RNA to protein
C. Genetic information is transferred from DNA to RNA
D. The flow of genetic information within cells
22. Another difference between RNA and DNA, is RNA has the sugar _________, whereas DNA uses ___________.
A. Glucose, sucrose
B. Sucrose, glucose
C. Deoxyribose, ribose
D. Ribose, deoxyribose
23. The type of RNA that carries the information that specifies a specific protein is:
A. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
B. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
C. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
D. The poly-A tail
24. The type of RNA that aligns the ribosome and mRNA, and that catalyze the reaction creating the peptide bond are:
A. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
B. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
C. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
D. The poly-A tail
25. The type of RNA that carries each specific amino acid to the ribosome is:
A. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
B. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
C. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
D. The poly-A tail
26. The process that cells use to transmit genetic information from DNA to RNA is called:
A. Transcription
B. Conjugation
C. Replication
D. Translation
27. The process that cells use to transmit genetic information from RNA to a sequence of amino acids is:
A. Transcription
B. Conjugation
C. Replication
D. Translation
28. The processes that convert DNA to RNA have which of the following three steps?
A. Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
B. Initiation, elongation, and termination
C. Interphase, meiosis I, and meiosis II
D. Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
29. The processes that convert RNA to protein have which of the following three steps?
A. Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
B. Initiation, elongation, and termination
C. Interphase, meiosis I, and meiosis II
D. Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
30. A special sequence of DNA bases that signals the start of a gene and initially binds RNA polymerase is:
A. An operator
B. A terminator
C. A repressor
D. A promoter
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31. A special sequence of DNA bases that signals the end of a gene and causes RNA polymerase to fall off is:
A. An operator
B. A terminator
C. A repressor
D. A promoter
32. ‘Junk,’ intervening DNA sequences in the middle of genes that have little apparent function are called:
A. Terminators
B. Promoters
C. Introns
D. Exons
33. The actual coding region sequences of genes that specify the amino acid sequence of a protein are called:
A. Terminators
B. Promoters
C. Introns
D. Exons
34. Messager RNA (mRNA) is extensively modified in Eukaryotes; which of the following does not happen?
A. Introns are cut out and the remaining exons are spliced together
B. The modifications occur in the cytoplasm of the cell
C. The modifications occur in the nucleus of the cell
D. A poy-A tail and 5’ cap is added
35. A critical molecular assembly (‘nano-factory’) that performs a crucial step in modifying messenger RNA (mRNA) is:
A. The ribosome
B. The spliceosome
C. The transcription factor
D. The enzyme DNA polymerase
36. The three base sequence (loop) in tRNA that is complementary to a specific three bases in mRNA is:
A. The amino acid accepting site
B. The peptide bond forming site
C. The anticodon
D. The codon
37. Transfer RNA molecules bind three different biomolecules and/or organelles; these are:
A. A specific amino acid, a specific codon of mRNA, and a specific code of DNA
B. A specific amino acid, a specific codon of mRNA, and the ribosome
C. A specific amino acid, a specific code of DNA, and the ribosome
D. A promoter of DNA, RNA polymerase, and the ribosome
38. Protein synthesis starts when:
A. A mRNA start codon binds to both a ribosomal small subunit and an initiator methionine tRNA
B. A mRNA stop codon binds to both a ribosomal small subunit and an initiator methionine tRNA
C. The ribosome ratchets down the mRNA one codon at a time creating peptide bonds
D. A RNA polymerase molecule binds to a promoter region of DNA
39. Protein synthesis stops and the ‘nano-factory’ assembly falls apart when:
A. A start codon on the mRNA sequence is reached
B. A stop codon on the mRNA sequence is reached
C. A terminator on the mRNA sequence is reached
D. An anticodon on the tRNA sequence is reached
40. Which of the following statements is not true regarding protein folding and/or processing?
A. Certain regions attract or repel one another, to create secondary and tertiary structure
B. Most proteins are fully functional as soon as they are created, regardless of structure
C. Proteins must achieve their final three-dimensional structure in order to function
D. Chaperone proteins are sometimes involved in the folding process
41. Which of the following statements is not true as it relates to Eukaryotic gene regulation?
A. Gene regulation is vital for the processes of embryonic cellular differentiation in multicellular organisms
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B. Cells save energy by only turning on those genes for those proteins they need at particular times
C. Some Eukaryotic genes are turned on, all the time
D. All Eukaryotic genes are turned on, all the time
42. A group of genes and associated regulatory segments of DNA in Bacteria that are controlled together is:
A. A transcriptome
B. A proteome
C. An operon
D. A genome
43. These groups of genes and associated regulatory segments of DNA in Bacteria are turned off (down-regulated) by:
A. Terminators
B. Repressors
C. Promoters
D. Operons
44. Eukaryotic proteins that initiate transcription by recognizing specific DNA promoter sequences are called:
A. Transcription factors
B. Terminators
C. Repressors
D. Promoters
45. Any change in a cell’s DNA sequence from its parental cell is called:
A. Transcription
B. Translation
C. Replication
D. Mutation
46. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the mutational process in general?
A. It is the major, initial source of variation upon which evolution can act
B. It is goal-oriented, happening whenever necessary
C. If somatic, it will be passed on to offspring
D. It happens during mitosis
47. Which of the following statements causes a “silent” (synonymous) mutation within an exon of a gene?
A. The addition or deletion of any number of nucleotides not in multiples of three
B. The substitution of one nucleotide for another that does not change the amino acid code
C. The substitution of one nucleotide for another that changes an amino acid code to a stop codon code
D. The substitution of one nucleotide for another that changes one amino acid code to another amino acid
48. Which of the following statements causes a “missense” (nonsynonymous) mutation within an exon of a gene?
A. The addition or deletion of any number of nucleotides not in multiples of three
B. The substitution of one nucleotide for another that does not change the amino acid code
C. The substitution of one nucleotide for another that changes an amino acid code to a stop codon code
D. The substitution of one nucleotide for another that changes one amino acid code to another amino acid
49. Which of the following statements causes a “nonsense” mutation within an exon of a gene?
A. The addition or deletion of any number of nucleotides not in multiples of three
B. The substitution of one nucleotide for another that does not change the amino acid code
C. The substitution of one nucleotide for another that changes an amino acid code to a stop codon code
D. The substitution of one nucleotide for another that changes one amino acid code to another amino acid
50. Which of the following statements causes a frameshift mutation within an exon of a gene?
A. The addition or deletion of any number of nucleotides not in multiples of three
B. The substitution of one nucleotide for another that does not change the amino acid code
C. The substitution of one nucleotide for another that changes an amino acid code to a stop codon code
D. The substitution of one nucleotide for another that changes one amino acid code to another amino acid
Extra Credit — Everybody has an equal chance for even more points this way, since most everybody is here taking this
test, and you all have the same amount of time. This can count as much as any one sectional exam, that is up to
10% of the entire class grade, enough to easily move you from one grade bracket to the next, if you do well enough. On
the supplied separate sheet of colored paper, write at least a complete paragraph about the following point (This is not
required — only do it, if you want to try to earn some more points in the class):
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The human female is unique among most mammals in having permanently (beyond adolescence) prominent breasts.
Other mammals only develop engorged breasts while actually lactating (providing milk to offspring). However, female
humans selectively deposit adipose tissue around the mammary glands during puberty to create enlarged breasts that
persist throughout the remainder of her life. Why could this be? Seems like conspicuous breasts would be selected
against when they weren’t needed — they just get in the way. You need to use sound evolutionary reasoning — try to
think of any evolutionary advantages this may confer the human species (and therefore, it’s genes).
You need to use complete sentences, and make sense. I will give partial credit, from 0 to 10, depending on content, and
how well you explain yourself. Proper English writing form matters! Be sure to plainly identify yourself on this
separate page with your name, the date, and the section number of this class (20585) clearly printed at the top of
the page — otherwise, you will not get any credit for the extra credit work — and place it in its separate pile when
you turn in your test!
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