Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Spherical Earth wikipedia , lookup
History of geomagnetism wikipedia , lookup
Air well (condenser) wikipedia , lookup
Large igneous province wikipedia , lookup
Age of the Earth wikipedia , lookup
Meteorology wikipedia , lookup
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment wikipedia , lookup
Atmospheric optics wikipedia , lookup
History of Earth wikipedia , lookup
Plate tectonics wikipedia , lookup
STAAR Review Reporting Category #3 Earth and Space For Category #3 know… Astronomy: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. what rotation and revolution are. why the Earth has seasons. the moon phases!!!!!!!!!! (Also known as the lunar cycle.) how the position of the Sun and moon affect Earth’s tides. the basic parts of the universe stars, nebulae, galaxies. how to read the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. that our Sun is a medium-sized YELLOW star located near the edge of the Milky Way Galaxy. 8. that the Sun is the closest star to Earth. 9. that light-years are used to measure distances and sizes in outer space. For Category #3 know… Geology: 1. the historical development of evidence that supports the plate tectonics theory (continental drift plate tectonics theory). 2. the basic plate boundary movements and how they change Earth's crustal features. 3. how to read and interpret topographic maps. 4. the difference between weathering, erosion, and deposition. Weather: 1. that the Sun provides the energy to drive convection within our atmosphere and oceans, producing winds and ocean currents. 2. how to read weather maps with different weather symbols (high and low pressure areas, fronts). 3. that oceans play a role in the formation of weather systems (such as hurricanes). Rotation Earth rotates or spins on its axis, taking ~24 hrs to make one rotation. This is what gives us day and night. Revolution The revolution of the Earth around the sun takes 365.25 days. The TILT of the Earth is what causes Vernal the seasons. Equinox Winter Solstice Summer Solstice Autumnal Equinox The Moon • Rotates on its axis once every 28 days (about 1 month) • Revolves around the Earth once every 28 days • Therefore, we always see the same side of the moon Moon Phases New Moon = no reflected light Full Moon = full circle of reflected light • We see the moon because it reflects light from the sun • Phases caused by moon’s revolution around the Earth • Phases are named for the lit portion of the moon •Waxing = getting lighter •Waning = getting darker • Crescent & Gibbous refer to the shape of the light being reflected The Lunar Cycle S U GIBBOUS CRESCENT N Earth’s Tides SPRING TIDES NEAP TIDES The Universe Big Bang Theory •States that contains the universe began with an and Our universe stars, nebulae enormous explosion about 12 to 15 billion galaxies. years ago atof a single, small,of hot, dense One theory the origin the universe is point. the Big Bang Theory. •After the explosion, the universe rapidly •This theory states that the universe expanded began to come about began withand anmatter enormous explosion together to form galaxies. 12 to 15 billion years ago at a single, small, • Since thispoint. explosion, the universe hot, dense continues to expand. Classifying Stars Star Life Cycles Baby star Nursery – Where new stars are born. Galaxies •Clusters of stars, gases & dust held together by gravity •3 main types: •Spiral •Elliptical •Irregular The Milky Way •Our Sun is a medium-sized star. •It’s located near the edge of our galaxy. •It is the closest star to us here on Earth. 14 Layers of Earth Plate Tectonics History • Wegener’s Theory of Continental Drift – continents moved slowly from Pangaea to present day. • Theory of Plate Tectonics – Earth’s crust is broken into parts called plates that move or float on top of the mantle. Continental Drift • Evidence of Continental Drift: – Continents appear to fit together like puzzle pieces – Same “fresh water” reptile fossils along South American & African coastlines – Similar rock formations on both the South American & African coastlines – Similar glacier evidence on both continents Continental Plates Plate Boundary Movements 3 types of plate boundary movements: Convergent: Boundary between two plates that are pushing together can cause: trenches, volcanoes, mountains Divergent: Boundary between two plates that are moving apart can cause: rift valleys (on land) & sea floor spreading (under water); these are both forms of land subsidence Transform: Boundary between two plates that are sliding past one another. can cause: earthquakes What kind of boundary is this? What happens at this type of boundary? What kind of boundary is this? What happens at this type of boundary? What kind of boundary is this? What happens at this type of boundary? Divergent Plate Convergent Transform Boundary Boundary Boundary Trench-formed where Sea Floor Spreading one plate subducts under another Subduction Zone Plate Tectonics Topographic Maps •Contour lines connect areas of equal elevation. •Contour lines that are close together means the ground is steeper. •Contour lines that are spaced apart means the ground is flatter. Weathering Process of breaking down rock into sediments 2 types: 1. Physical (Mechanical) 2. Chemical Erosion Process of moving sediment (broken down rock) from one place to another Layers of Atmosphere Weather • Uneven heating of Earth by the Sun causes air and water to heat up. • Hot air rises, then cools when it reaches higher altitudes, then sinks. This is convection. (LAVA LAMP!) • Convection in the air causes winds, moving weather around. • Convection in water creates ocean currents. Condensation Precipitation Evaporation Evaporation Runoff & Groundwater The SUN is the Precipitation can be driving energy force in the form of rain, Condensation = thecycle formation of clouds of the water sleet, snow, Water or hail Water on the ground can either RUNOFF into streams, rivers, lakes, etc. or percolate through the soil to become GROUNDWATER Cycle Evaporation = liquid water to gaseous water or water vapor Fronts = Cold front – Cold air advances toward warm air – Warm air is pushed up quickly by cold air – If temperature difference is large, thunderstorms (even tornadoes) can form Fronts = Warm front – Warm air advances toward cool air – Warm air moves up & over cold front – Can lead to long periods of precipitation Fronts = Stationary Front – Neither cold air or warm air moves – Can lead to long periods of precipitation Weather Maps High Pressure Area Isobars – Connects areas with equal pressure Low Pressure Area Weather Symbols – Cloud Cover Weather Symbols – Wind Direction •Wind blows along the line towards the circle. •Wind is always written as where it’s coming from. This wind is coming from the northeast. Weather Symbols – Wind Speed 1 knot = 1.15 mph Represents 5 Represents 10 Represents 50