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STAAR Review
Reporting Category #3
Earth and Space
For Category #3 know…
Astronomy:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
what rotation and revolution are.
why the Earth has seasons.
the moon phases!!!!!!!!!! (Also known as the lunar cycle.)
how the position of the Sun and moon affect Earth’s tides.
the basic parts of the universe  stars, nebulae, galaxies.
how to read the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
that our Sun is a medium-sized YELLOW star located near the
edge of the Milky Way Galaxy.
8. that the Sun is the closest star to Earth.
9. that light-years are used to measure distances and sizes in
outer space.
For Category #3 know…
Geology:
1.
the historical development of evidence that supports the plate
tectonics theory (continental drift  plate tectonics theory).
2. the basic plate boundary movements and how they change
Earth's crustal features.
3. how to read and interpret topographic maps.
4. the difference between weathering, erosion, and deposition.
Weather:
1.
that the Sun provides the energy to drive convection within our
atmosphere and oceans, producing winds and ocean currents.
2. how to read weather maps with different weather symbols (high
and low pressure areas, fronts).
3. that oceans play a role in the formation of weather systems
(such as hurricanes).
Rotation
Earth rotates or spins on its
axis, taking ~24 hrs to make
one rotation.
This is what gives us day and
night.
Revolution
The revolution of the Earth around the sun takes
365.25 days. The TILT of the Earth is what causes
Vernal
the seasons.
Equinox
Winter
Solstice
Summer
Solstice
Autumnal
Equinox
The Moon
• Rotates on its axis
once every 28 days
(about 1 month)
• Revolves around
the Earth once
every 28 days
• Therefore, we
always see the
same side of the
moon
Moon Phases
New Moon = no
reflected light
Full Moon = full
circle of reflected
light
• We see the moon because it reflects
light from the sun
• Phases caused by moon’s revolution
around the Earth
• Phases are named for the lit portion of
the moon
•Waxing = getting lighter
•Waning = getting darker
• Crescent & Gibbous refer to the shape
of the light being reflected
The Lunar Cycle
S
U
GIBBOUS
CRESCENT
N
Earth’s Tides
SPRING TIDES
NEAP TIDES
The
Universe
Big Bang Theory
•States
that contains
the universe
began
with an and
Our
universe
stars,
nebulae
enormous explosion about 12 to 15 billion
galaxies.
years
ago atof
a single,
small,of
hot,
dense
One
theory
the origin
the
universe is
point.
the Big Bang Theory.
•After
the explosion,
the universe
rapidly
•This
theory
states that
the universe
expanded
began
to come about
began
withand
anmatter
enormous
explosion
together to form galaxies.
12 to 15 billion years ago at a single, small,
• Since
thispoint.
explosion, the universe
hot,
dense
continues to expand.
Classifying Stars
Star Life Cycles
Baby star
Nursery –
Where
new stars
are born.
Galaxies
•Clusters of stars, gases & dust held
together by gravity
•3 main types:
•Spiral
•Elliptical
•Irregular
The Milky Way
•Our Sun is a
medium-sized
star.
•It’s located
near the edge
of our galaxy.
•It is the
closest star to
us here on
Earth.
14
Layers of Earth
Plate Tectonics History
• Wegener’s Theory of Continental
Drift
– continents moved slowly from Pangaea
to present day.
• Theory of Plate Tectonics
– Earth’s crust is broken into parts
called plates that move or float on top
of the mantle.
Continental Drift
• Evidence of Continental Drift:
– Continents appear to fit together like puzzle
pieces
– Same “fresh water” reptile fossils along
South American & African coastlines
– Similar rock formations on both the South
American & African coastlines
– Similar glacier evidence on both continents
Continental Plates
Plate Boundary Movements
3 types of plate boundary movements:
 Convergent: Boundary between two
plates that are pushing together
can cause: trenches, volcanoes, mountains
 Divergent: Boundary between two
plates that are moving apart
can cause: rift valleys (on land) & sea floor spreading
(under water); these are both forms of land
subsidence
 Transform: Boundary between two
plates that are sliding past one another.
can cause: earthquakes
What kind of boundary is this?
What happens at this type of boundary?
What kind of boundary is this?
What happens at this type of boundary?
What kind of boundary is this?
What happens at this type of boundary?
Divergent Plate
Convergent
Transform
Boundary
Boundary
Boundary
Trench-formed where
Sea Floor Spreading
one plate subducts
under another
Subduction Zone
Plate Tectonics
Topographic Maps
•Contour lines
connect areas of
equal elevation.
•Contour lines that
are close together
means the ground
is steeper.
•Contour lines that
are spaced apart
means the ground
is flatter.
Weathering
Process of breaking
down rock into
sediments
2 types:
1. Physical
(Mechanical)
2. Chemical
Erosion
Process of moving
sediment (broken
down rock) from
one place to
another
Layers of Atmosphere
Weather
• Uneven heating of Earth by the Sun causes air
and water to heat up.
• Hot air rises, then cools when it reaches higher altitudes,
then sinks. This is convection. (LAVA LAMP!)
• Convection in the air causes winds, moving weather around.
• Convection in water creates ocean currents.
Condensation
Precipitation
Evaporation
Evaporation
Runoff &
Groundwater
The SUN is the
Precipitation can be
driving energy force
in the form
of
rain,
Condensation
= thecycle
formation of clouds
of the water
sleet, snow, Water
or hail
Water on the ground
can either RUNOFF
into streams, rivers,
lakes, etc. or
percolate through
the soil to become
GROUNDWATER
Cycle
Evaporation = liquid
water to gaseous
water or water
vapor
Fronts = Cold front
– Cold air advances toward warm air
– Warm air is pushed up quickly by cold air
– If temperature difference is large,
thunderstorms (even tornadoes) can
form
Fronts = Warm front
– Warm air advances toward cool air
– Warm air moves up & over cold front
– Can lead to long periods of precipitation
Fronts = Stationary Front
– Neither cold air or warm air moves
– Can lead to long periods of precipitation
Weather Maps
High Pressure Area
Isobars –
Connects
areas
with
equal
pressure
Low Pressure Area
Weather Symbols – Cloud Cover
Weather Symbols –
Wind Direction
•Wind blows along the
line towards the circle.
•Wind is always written
as where it’s coming
from.
This wind is coming
from the northeast.
Weather Symbols – Wind Speed
1 knot = 1.15
mph
Represents 5
Represents 10
Represents 50