Download Study Guide Answer Key Define each of the following terms: Kinetic

Study Guide Answer Key
Define each of the following terms:
Kinetic: Energy of motion; energy involving movement
Potential: Stored energy
Energy: The ability to do work or create change
Cold Front: A cold air mass pushing on a warm air mass
Warm Front: A warm air mass pushing on a cold air mass
Climate: A long-term description of the Earth’s atmosphere
Weather: A short-term description of the Earth’s atmosphere at a particular place and time
Atmosphere: The layer of gas that surrounds the Earth
Air Pressure: Air molecules pushing on an area
Monsoon: Winds that change direction with the season
Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable, thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell
Nucleus: Controls many of the functions of the cell; contains DNA
Mitochondria: Where energy is released; powerhouse
Chloroplasts: Where photosynthesis takes place; contains chlorophyll; only in plant cells
Vacuole: Temporary storage space; fluid filled membrane; fills with food being digested and waste material
Cell Wall: Gives the plant cell most of it’s support and structure; a thick rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell
Germination: The sprouting of a baby plant from a seed
Photosynthesis: The process by which plants make food
Angiosperm: A plant that produces seeds enclosed in a protective structure (fruit)
Gymnosperm: A plant that produces naked seeds, not enclosed by a fruit
Stamen: The male reproductive structure of the flower
Pistil: The female reproductive structure of the flower
Pholem: The vascular tissue through which food is transported in plants
Xylem: The vascular tissue through which water is transported in plants
Stomata: Tiny pores that open and close to let carbon dioxide in and water vapor and oxygen out
Phototropism: The orientation of a plan or other organism in response to the light; positive – toward the light
Vein: A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart
Artery: A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Homeostasis: The property of open or closed systems that regulate it’s internal environment to maintain a stable,
constant condition
Cartilage: Firm smooth tissue at the ends of bones. Provide a smooth surface between bones. Also present in areas such as
the nose, ears and voice box
Joint: A place where bone meets bone
Tendon: Tough, fibrous tissue that attach muscle to bone
Ligament: Tough, fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
Bone Marrow: Soft tissue found in the hollow interior of the bone. Two types: Red and yellow.
Plane Joint: Allows bones to glide over one another. Side to side and up and down movements. Examples: wrist and ankle
Ball and Socket Joint: A joint that permits movements in all directions. Examples: Shoulders and Hips
Hinge Joint: A joint that permits a back and forth movement, similar to that of a door. Example: Elbow
Pivot Joint: A joint that permits movement of one bone around its own axis or around the axis of another bone. Example:
Atlas at the neck
Saddle Joint: Occurs where the thumb meets the palm. Each bone has a convex and concave surface that join together,
much like a person sitting on a saddle.
Condyloid Joint: Occurs in fingers between the metacarpals and phalanges. Both surfaces are oval. Less movement occurs
at this joint.
Flexor: Muscle that bends a body part by decreasing the angle at the joint
Extensor: Muscle that extends, or straightens a body part by increasing the angle at the joint.
Skeletal Muscle: A type of striated muscle attached to the skeleton, creates movement. Origin of muscle is at the end of
the bone closest to the axis of the body, insertion is at the end of the bone furthest from body axis.
Cardiac Muscle: A type of involuntary striated muscle found in the walls of the heart. As it contracts it propels blood into
the heart and through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.
Smooth Muscle: A non-striated muscle found in the bladder, uterus, and respiratory tract. Involuntary muscle that is not
controlled by the conscious
Voluntary Muscle: Skeletal, striated muscle. Muscle that is connected at either one end of a bone or both ends of a bone
and it moves the skeleton.
Involuntary Muscle: Smooth and cardiac muscle are examples, they are not controlled by the conscious
Muscle Fatigue:Lack of strength , inability to exert force with ones muscle
1. What are Observations, Inferences, Predictions and Hypothesis
The steps to the scientific method
2. What are the safety rules?
Follow direction, never eat or drink in the lab, avoid touching face, do not directly smell chemicals, do not mix
chemicals, wash your hands, clean up after the lab, wear goggles to protect your eyes, report all accidents, ask
questions if you are unsure about directions
3. What do each of the following measure? What are their units?
Graduated Cylinder – Volume, liters
Ruler/Meter Stick – Distance, meters
Triple Beam Balance – Mass, grams
4. What are the steps of the scientific method? (6 steps)
1. Identify a problem or question
2. Reseach information about the problem or question
3. Create a hypothesis about the problem or question
4. Design and perform an experiment
5. Observe, record, and study new information from the experiment
6. Interpret data and draw a conclusion
5. What are independent and dependent variables?
Independent – changed by the scientist
Dependent – measured as a result of the experiment
5. What is the main source of energy for the planet? This also drives the water cycle.
The sun
6. What is the water cycle? What are the steps? Describe them.
Evaporation – Liquid turns into a water vapor/gas
Condensation – Water vapor is changed into a liquid
Precipitation – Rain, hail, sleet, snow fall from clouds
7. What are the differences between the near shore environment and the open ocean deep?
Near shore – Sunlight is available nearly all the way to the ocean floor, warm temperatures
Deep Open Ocean – Sunlight is not available, cold water temperatures
8. How much of Earth is covered in water? How much of it is fresh?
71% of the Earth is covered in water
3% of the Earth’s water is fresh water
9. What is point-source and non-point source pollution?
Point-Source – Pollution with a known source
Non-Point-Source – Pollution that enters the water from an unknown or scattered source
10. What are the major differences between Plant and Animal cells?
Shape  plant: square, animal: round
Organelles  plant: has cell wall and chloroplast, animal: has lysosome and many vacuoles
11. What are the levels of organization?
Cells, tissues, organs, organ sytems, organisms
12. What do you breathe out? What do you breathe in? What do plants take in? What do plants release?
Humans Exhale  Carbon dioxide
Plants release  Oxygen
Humans Inhale  Oxygen
Plants take in  Carbon dioxide
13. What are ways to create electricity renewably and Non-renewably?
Renewable – Wind, hydro, solar, geothermal
Nonrenewable – Coal, nuclear, natural gas
14. What are the 3 types of stored energy and the 5 kinetic energies?
Stored (potential) – Nuclear, chemical, gravitational
Kinetic – Motion, electric, light, thermal (heat), sound
15. Plugging a computer into a wall is the transfer of energy from what to what?
Electric  Light (monitor), sound (volume: music, etc.)
16. What are the 6 climates? Which climate is Arizona?
Polar, Severe, Highland, Mild, Dry, Tropical
Arizona has a dry climate.
17. Where does most digestion occur?
Small intestine – duodenum