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PHYSICAL SCIENCE Revised 11/2010 COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is designed to be an introduction to the physical sciences investigating lab techniques, experimental design, and data analysis utilizing scientific models. In-depth studies of simple physical systems will be used to provide students with direct experiences and observations of basic principles. Students will engage in complex problem-solving activities that require understanding and practical application of these principles. Topics covered include but are not limited to: mechanics, energy, matter, periodic table, and the atomic model. TOPICAL OUTLINE Scientific Method Experimental design: control, constants, and variables • • • • • Graph – choosing graphs, independent, dependent, title, slope, labels, units, slope in sentence Measure – metric and digit of estimation Data analysis – accuracy, precision, slope meaning Lab report Excel graphing Possible labs/activities: not all required: • • • • • 1cm3 - 1mL Cups and slope steepness Circumference and diameter of a circle lab Ball drop (drop vs. bounce) Graduate it – (focus doe and directions) Displacement, velocity, acceleration • • • • Compare and contrast scalar quantities and vector quantities. Described and calculate an objects velocity and acceleration. Compare instantaneous velocity and average velocity. Create and interpret graphs (distance v time and velocity v. time). Possible labs/activities • Buggy lab – constant velocity (displacement v time) • Graph matching 1 • Acceleration – ramp and buggy Projectiles/gravity (no angles) • Use the acceleration of gravity to explain and calculate the vertical motion of an object. • Explain the independence between vertical and horizontal descriptors for a projectile. Identify that gravity is the only force acting on a projectile. Explain that the vertical component of a projectile acts like an object in free fall. Explain that the horizontal component of a projectile acts like an object with normal motion. Calculate numerical values of velocity, acceleration, time and distance for vertical and horizontal motions. • • • • Possible labs/activities • • • • • Shoot marble lab – hit target Drop objects from stadium Rocket project Picket fence Simulation – cannon shooting Newton (forces) Understand the significance of Newton's law of inertia by identifying and refuting classic misconceptions concerning the causes of motion. • • • • • • • • • • Recognize that inertia as a property of an object, which depends solely upon mass. Relate the presence of balanced or unbalanced forces to the state of motion of an object. Relate force diagrams and force information to information describing the motion of an object. Relate the state of motion of an object (especially the direction of the acceleration) to the magnitudes of the individual forces that act upon it. Relate the net force of an object to the acceleration of the object. Identify the forces acting upon an object if given a physical description of the situation. Analyze a physical scenario and determine the relative magnitude of forces acting upon the object in the scenario. Distinguish between the concepts of mass and weight. Calculate the mass of an object if given its weight (or vice versa). Identify the proportional relationship between acceleration, net force, and mass. 2 • • • • • • • • • Predict the quantitative effect of an alteration in the net force or mass of an object upon the acceleration of that object. Utilize Newton's second law equation to algebraically solve for an unknown quantity - acceleration, net force, or mass. Analyze and interpret a free-body diagram and determine the acceleration of an object. Interpret a physics word problem to retrieve pertinent information and calculate the acceleration of an object. Interpret a physics word problem to retrieve pertinent information and calculate the magnitude of an individual force. State the definition of free fall and identify common characteristics of free-falling objects. Describe the effect of mass upon a free-falling object and to calculate the speed and displacement of free-falling objects. Identify the factors affecting the amount of air resistance and describe the effect of air resistance upon a falling object. Define terminal velocity, identify the causes of terminal velocity, and describe the factors affecting the magnitude of the terminal velocity. Identify action-reaction force pairs for any physical situation. Possible labs/activities • • F = ma hanging masses demo 3rd law – demo – force plates Momentum • • • • • • • Define "impulse" and "momentum" and explain how they are related. Calculate the impulse on an object given the forces acting on it and the time in which they act. Calculate the momentum of an object given its mass and velocity. Explain real-life examples of how force and time interact to change the momentum of an object. Explain and apply the Law of Conservation of Momentum. Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collisions. Use the Law of Conservation of Momentum to calculate the velocity of objects undergoing a simple inelastic collision. Possible labs/activities • • • Conservation of momentum: crash carts Impulse: crash carts Safety project 3 Energy Eg and Ek, work, power • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Define work and identify its units. Predict whether a force is doing positive, negative or zero work. Define power and identify its units. Distinguish between work and power Calculate the power for physical situations. Define kinetic energy and identify the standard unit. Identify the variables, which change the kinetic energy of an object. Define potential energy and identify the standard unit. Identify the variables, which change the potential energy of an object. Define mechanical energy and relate it to the amount of kinetic energy and potential energy. Apply the principles of energy conservation to a variety of physical situations. Conduct an energy analysis to determine the kinetic and/or the potential energy of an object at a given location. Conduct an energy analysis to determine the height or speed of an object at a given location. Identify the conditions in which mechanical energy is not conserved and demonstrate an understanding of the distinction between energy conservation and non-conservation. Apply the work-energy relationship to simple physical situations. Possible labs/activities: • • • • Weight room Stairs Drop with photogate ball w/hole or photogates LOL’s Kinetic Molecular Theory • • • • • • • • Particle diagrams Particles exist. Particles move Temperature is a measure of kinetic energy (mass and velocity) Particles collide Pressure is the number of collisions How a thermometer works and how a barometer works Air pressure Possible labs/activities • • • orange demonstration hot vs cold water demonstration Milk Lab 4 • Soda Can Lab Chemical and Physical Change, Mass change • • • • • • Law of conservation of mass Mass is number of particles Evidence of chemical change Difference between chemical and physical change (change in bonds to form new particles) Particle diagrams Both changes are reversible, Possible labs/activities • • • • • Demonstration: distillation Demonstration: Burning alcohol Build models of chemical change and physical change Mass and change lab stations Candle lab- write lab report Density Density is constant for substance and a ratio • • • • • Density is a mass to volume relationship Relate density to slope 3 particle representations of density Mass to volume or volume to mass calculations using density as a ratio Things sink/float based on density/spacing of particles. Possible labs/activities: • • • • Density of water lab Density of metal lab Measurement challenge Demonstration: sink/float Matter Define extensive and intensive properties • • • • • Define chemical and physical properties. Differentiate between chemical and physical separation. Use techniques to separate a mixture. Define pure substance and mixture Define element and compound 5 • • Define homogenous mixture and heterogeneous mixture. Identify and draw particle diagrams to represent different classifications of matter. Possible labs/activities: • • • • Demonstration: Boiling water vs. Electrolysis Separation of Matter Lab Concept map Sorting of matter activity Phase Change and Energy Explain density (spacing of particles) difference in solid, liquid and gas • • • • • • • • Explain difference in compressibility Identify properties of solid, liquid and gas. Define Interaction energy and how it is related to phase change Kinetic energy is related to motion of particles Explain and define melting, boiling, freezing, condensation, sublimation and deposition. Draw and interpret a heating/cooling curves. Use LOL’s to explain energy changes. Identify and draw particle diagrams to represent different phases and changes. Possible labs/activities • • • Carbon dioxide lab Icy hot lab Phase change diagram project Periodic table and Atom Intro • • • • • • • Count number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom. Draw a modified Bohr model of atoms 1-20 Use the number of valence electrons to predict characteristics. Identify elements in common families (noble gas, halogen, alkali metals, alkaline Earth metals). Count and define valence electrons. Determine metals and non-metals using the periodic table. Define isotope. Possible labs/activities • • • Count protons, neutrons, electrons Build periodic table Mendeleev lab – identify unknowns based on characteristics 6 Bonds – Ionic v Covalent • • • • • • • Atoms gain/lose electrons to form ions. Atoms are most stable with 8 valence electrons. Identify that an ionic bond is between a metal and non-metal. An ionic bond is an attraction of ions, which have gained/lost electrons. Identify that a covalent bond is between 2 non-metals. A covalent bond is a sharing of electrons. Use electron dot diagrams and Lewis structures to represent compounds that are ionic or covalent. Possible labs/activities • • • Building models of covalent compounds. Gluing activity – modeling of ionic compounds. Ionic precipitate lab. Chemical Changes and Energy Identify the difference between exothermic and endothermic using lab data or LOLOL’s • • • • Draw an LOLOL to correctly represent a chemical change. Place heat term in chemical equation. Define Ech or chemical potential energy. Identify products and reactants and Law of Conservation of Mass using a chemical equation. Possible labs/activities: • • Ziploc bag lab Endothermic /exothermic lab 7