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Prophet Muhammad Islam Brief History and Teachings Arabia in 600 AD Populated by various Arabic-speaking people – Bedouin - organized in tribes – Caravan meerchants and agriculturalists, Intense tribal loyalties & warfare Arab culture revered oral story telling Majority of Arabs followed polytheistic religions & worshipped idols City of Mecca was a religious & trade center – Rich mixtures of culture – Ka'aba - temple founded by Abraham – Yearly pilgrimage to site – Much social injustice & economic disparity Muhammad (570 – 632) Born at Mecca into the Quraysh tribe Orphaned at an early age & raised by uncle Illiterate but very articulate & well liked Became a successful merchant – traveled north Married older wealthy widow at 25 - Khadijah Saw a crisis in Arab society 610 AD….the divine call – Visited while meditating in cave by the Archangel Gabriel who commanded him to recite verses sent by God – Revelations continued for the next 22 years – Revelations collected in the Quran – Revelations directly related to the needs of the Arab people – First memorized the verses & passed them to his wife & close relatives – Small band of followers would memorize the recitations First converts – wife, cousin Ali, kinsman Abu Bakr Starts preaching in 612 New recruits mainly from slaves and lower classes Muhammad 612-622 AD - in Mecca preaching and gaining followers – Seen as a trouble maker for attacking the establishment – Attempts to assasinate him AD 622… the Hejira to Medina – Request to resolve dispute between rival tribes – With followers moved to neighboring city of Medina – Year 622 as the start of the Muslim calendar 622-630 AD---in Medina – Becomes leader of city – Mecca and Medina in conflict 630 – Mecca captured without fight – Cleansed the Kaaba of idols 632 – first Hajj or pilgrimage By his death in 632, Muhammad had united the entire Arabian peninsula Religion of Muhammad Islam is the religion of submission or surrender to Allah – Simple and uncompromising faith in oneness of God Muhammad did not believe he was preaching a new religion – Did not reject Judaism and Christianity – Sent by God in order to complete and perfect those teachings – Accepted Abraham, Moses and Jesus as prophets – Muhammad is the messenger of God – Last in a long line of prophets Chosen by God to preach repentance and submission to God Islam Islam is open to all who accept its tenets Prohibition against idolatry or graven images Islam has no organized hierarchy – No religious authority, clerical elite or priesthood to act as intermediary – Mullahs (teachers) occupy positions of authority because of their knowledge of the Quran Sunna or Hadith - written collection of Arab oral traditions concerning life of Muhammad – Address issues not specifically covered in the Quran Sharia – Islamic Law – Three sources – Quran, Sunna and Ijtihad – analytic reasoning to cover locally raised issues Quran prohibits alcohol and gambling Jihad – Call for Holy War against infidels???? Quran insists that there be no coercion in matters of faith The Five Pillars of Faith 1. Profession of Faith - Shahadah “There is no God but Allah (God), and Muhammad is His Prophet.” – First and last words heard – Most repeated words by Muslims – Person a Muslim once profession is repeated 2. Prayer – Salat – Direction toward Mecca – 5 times a day – Call of Muezzin – Dawn, midday, mid-afternoon, sunset & nightfall – Create sense of solidarity and social equality – Body posture essential – Must use Arabic – Friday noon prayer is only mandatory public prayer for all adult males 3. Charity – Zakat – purification Compassion for the poor 2.5 % of wealth expected The Five Pillars of Faith 4. Fasting - Sawm Ramadan – based on lunar calendar – different each year Daylight hours during month of Ramadan 5. Pilgrimage to Kaaba in Mecca – Hajj All those who can afford and physically fit Ideal of equality & unity among believers Unites cultures and ideas Islam After Muhammad Shiites – Only descendants of Fatima or her husband Ali should succeed Mohammed – Death of Imam Hussein (son of Ali) most celebrated event in Shiite calendar Sunnis – any follower of Islam should be eligible to lead – Division political & religious – Never settled to this day Series of Caliphs governed the Islamic State Struggle for Succession Number of conflicting parties sought to succeed Muhammad Companions – belonged to Muhammad’s tribe or had accepted mission early Legitimists – heir must belong to family of Muhammad – Ali paternal cousin, husband of daughter Fatima & one of first believers Companions triumphed with selection of abu-Bakr Rashidun - Four “righteous” caliphs (632-661 AD) – All were close associates and relatives of Muhammad Abu Bakr (632-634) Father-in-law of Muhammad and one of first believers Umar (634-644) main military genius who carried Islam forward from the Arabian peninsula Uthman (644-656) - empire fell into a civil war called the Fitna – In 656 Uthman is assassinated by followers of Ali Ali (656-661) Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin – Many refused to accept Ali as a leader – Killed by assassin Then began a series of Caliphates. The Spread of Islam Rich Cultural Achievements Many Islamic centers of culture and science – Baghdad – Cairo – Damascus – Cordoba – Alexandria Scholarship – Produced notable scientists, astronomers, mathematicians, doctors and philosophers – Importance of reading the Qur'an produced a comparatively high level of literacy in the general populace Heirs to Hellenistic Learning – Maintained Classical learning – Translation of Greek texts - Aristotle Medicine Architecture – Mosques, Palaces & Minarets Art – Geometric patterns, calligraphy, metal work Where are Muslims Today?