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Physics 2 Electrical current 1. Current is a flow of what? 2. What is the size of the electrical current? 3. In a series circuit what happens to current? 4. In a parallel circuit what happens to current? 5. What is the equation for working out current? 6. What is potential difference? 7. What is the potential difference like in a series circuit? 8. What is the potential difference like in a parallel circuit? 9. What is the equation for working out potential difference? 10. What do current potential difference graphs show? 11. Describe what you would see on a graph for a: a. Resistor b. Diode c. Filament bulb 12. What are LDRs used for? 13. What are thermostats? 14. What is the equation for resistance? 15. Complete these: 16. All atoms contain what? 17. What does friction between two insulators cause? 18. What happens if charge builds up? Forces and Motion 19. If two objects interact what must the forces be? 20. What is the name given to the force formed by a group of forces working together? 21. How does this cause a change of state of rest: a. On a moving object force O, Above 0 and less than 0 b. On a stationary object force O 22. Give two ways speed could be worked out? 23. Whati s the equation for velocity? 24. What is the equation for force referring to acceleration? 25. What is acceleration? 26. What does the gradient on a distance time graph represent? 27. A = (v-u)/2 stands for what? 28. Resistance come from where? 29. If a vehicle travels a constant speed what happens to resistance? 30. If a vehicle accelerates what happens to resistance? 31. If an object is travelling fast its breaking distance must be greater. How can stopping distance be worked out? 32. Apart from weather, state three things that could affect a driver’s reaction time. 33. Apart from weather, state three things that could affect stopping distance. 34. How is a mile worked out? 35. If an object is fallingthrough a fluid what initially happens? 36. Then what happens? 37. What is meant by terminal velocity? 38. What happens when a parachute is released? 39. What happens when the ground is hit? 40. What is the equation for weight in terms of gravity? 41. What does the effect of a. Squashing b. Squeezing have on an object? 42. A force applied to an elastic object will result in the objecy doing what? 43. Once a string goes past its limit of proportionality what will happen? 44. Why don’t wires obey Hooke’s law? 45. What is the equation to measure force in terms of extension? Household Electricity 46. How many times a second does current change direction in a main’s electrical supply? 47. On which wire does the energy arrive? What colour is it? 48. The blue wire is the neutral wire. Why is it there? 49. What is the purpose of the earth wire? What colour is it? 50. In a three core cable what are each core for? 51. What is the symbol for double insulated? 52. Some appliances have two layers of plastic and no earth wire. Why do people not get an electric shock if the wire becomes loose? 53. Which metal are conducting pins made from? 54. Why are cables that carry high currents much thicker than low current wires? 55. What are fuses? 56. What happens if an unexpectedly high current flows? 57. Why are fuses always in the live wire? 58. Why is a fuse just higher than the usual current for the appliance chosen, and not one that is lower or significantly higher? 59. What are miniature circuit breakers? 60. Why are they more convenient? 61. What are residual current circuit breakers? 62. When do they turn off? 63. Describe what will happen in a 3 core cable kettle when the live wire becomes loose and the fuse doesn’t detect a fault and the wire comes into contact with the metal. 64. Why are energy saving lightbulbs more efficient? 65. What does the equation p=e/t stand for? 66. What does the equation p = cxpd stand for? 67. Why is an alternating current used in circuits? 68. What is the equation for frequency referring to the number of cycles per second? 69. On an oscilloscope which axis is the potential difference and which is the time? Work and energy and momentum 70. ……give the ability to do …..and when…..is done …..is changed from ….form into….. 71. What is meant by work done? 72. What is the equation for work done? 73. What is gravitational potential energy? 74. What is the equation for gravitational potential energy? 75. What is kinetic energy? 76. What is the equation for kinetic energy? 77. What is momentum? 78. Do bigger or smaller objects have more momentum? 79. What is the equation for momentum? 80. Momentum is a ……pointing the same…..as velocity. In a …..system the total momentum……an event is equal to the …..momentum after the event. 81. What is this known as? Radioactivity 82. What is an isotope? 83. Who was Thomson and what did he do? 84. Who was Rutherford and what did he do? 85. What was his conclusion? 86. State five ways in which radiation occurs naturally 87. Why are alpha, beta and gamma particles known as ionising? 88. Describe the features and properties of alpha particles. 89. Describe the features and properties of beta particles. 90. Describe the features and properties of gamma rays. 91. What is nuclear decay? 92. The ….. of a radioactive isotope is the ….. of …. Particles emitted…..second, measured in ….. 93. Give two examples of alpha decay 94. Give two examples of beta decay 95. How do smoke detectors work in terms of alpha particles? 96. How do thickness detectors work in terms of beta particles? 97. What is the cobalt unit? 98. How does Radioactive therapy work? 99. Give a detailed explanation of nuclear FISSION 100. How is plutonium formed? 101. How are the neutrons controlled in a reaction? 102. What is depleted uranium? 103. What does reprocessing involve? 104. What is a dirty bomb? 105. What is a PWR reactor? 106. In one sentence summarise nuclear fission 107. Give a detailed explanation of nuclear fusion 108. How did scientists make uncontrolled fusion? 109. In one sentence describe nuclear fusion. 110. What is a nebula? 111. What does it turn into? 112. What is this? 113. What is a main sequence star? 114. What is a red giant? 115. What does it turn into? 116. What does this turn into? 117. What is a red supergiant? 118. What does it turn into? 119. What is this? 120. What is a black hole? 121. What is a neutron star? Physics 3 Moments 1. What is a moment? 2. What does the equation m= f x d represent? 3. What must the balance be like if an object is not turning? 4. What must the balance be like if an object is turning clockwise? 5. What are leavers? 6. What is meant by centre of mass? 7. How would you find a centre of mass on an irregular object? 8. On a regular shape where is the centre of mass? 9. On a hanging object where is the centre of mass? 10. If an object is knocked and the weight acting down from the centre of mass is inside the bass what will happen? 11. If an object is knocked and the weight acting down from the centre of mass is outside the bass what will happen? 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. The formula T = 1/f stands for what? What does time period depend on? What machines use hydraulic pressure? What is the function of a master cylinder? If a liquid is virtually incompressible what happens to the pressure? If different cross sectional areas are used as a force multiplier, what does it mean if a load is pushed 5x more than the effort? What does the equation p= f x a stand for? If something is in N/Cm₂ is it a pascal? What is centripetal force? Why does velocity change? Give three examples of centripetal forces How can you increase centripetal force. Give three examples? Electromagnetism 24. When a ……. flows through a …..a……..field is produced around the …… 25. Which finger of the left hand is used to represent current and which way does it always flow? 26. Magnetic field flows from which pole and is represented by which finger of the left hand? 27. What can you derive from this? 28. the force experience by a wire carrying a current is known as what? 29. State three ways in which a motor can be made to turn faster 30. If a large current flows through a loudspeaker what will happen to the vibrations and thus sound? 31. If a conducting wire and magnetic field move relative to each other what will happen? 32. State three ways in which potential difference can be reversed 33. What is a split ring commutator? 34. When will a conductor not experience a force relative to magnetic field? What does it rely on instead? 35. What is a transformer? 36. Why do transformers have alternating current and not a direct current? 37. If an electrical conductor cuts through a magnetic field what happens? 38. In a step up transformer which side, the primary or secondary, has the greater potential difference? 39. In a step down transformer which side, the primary or secondary, has the greater potential difference? 40. If a magnet is moved into a coil of wire what will happen? 41. The equation VS/VP=NS/NP stands for what and is used to calculate what? 42. If transformers are assumed to be 100% efficient which equation is used? 43. What are switch mode transformers? 44. What are their advantages and disadvantages? Medical Physics 45. Do x rays have a long or short wavelength? On what order of magnitude is it? 46. Why can they harm dividing cells? 47. What does it mean when ‘xrays produce negative pictures’? 48. What is the purpose of charged coupled devices? 49. What are CAT scans? 50. How do they work? 51. How do radiographers protect themselves from exposure? 52. What is ultrasound? 53. What is meant by partial reflection? 54. How do you calculate the time taken for the reflection to reach a detector? 55. What do you have to make sure you do in this calculation? 56. Describe two uses of ultrasound. 57. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of xrays, CAT scans and ultrasound 58. What is refraction? 59. When will a light ray bend? 60. Give the two equations used to represent the refractive index. 61. What is meant by total internal reflection? 62. What is an endoscope? 63. How does laser eye surgery work? 64. Draw a semi circle and draw in three lines indicating a)smaller than critical angle b)equals critical angle c)greater than critical angle 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. How do lenses form images? What are virtual images? What are real images? What four things could happen to an image? What is the equation for magnification? What is focal length? What does the focal length depend on? What are converging lenses? What do they do? How would it be represented in an exam? Complete the following: a. An ….. ray parallel to ….. refracts through the….. and passes through the ….. focus on the other side b. An ….. ray …. passing through the …. focus …. Through the line and travels …. to the axis c. A ….. ray …. Through the …. Of the lens …. In the …. Direction What are diverging lenses? What do they do? How are they represented in exams? Complete the following: a. An …. Ray parallel to … refracts….lens and travels ……..with principal …… b. An …..ray passing through the ….. continues ….. same ….. c. An …. Ray ….passes through the centre of the lense ………….. Why is the image formed virtual? What is the cornea? What is the pupil? What is the lens? What is the iris? What is the retina? When do ciliary muscles contract and when do they relax? What does this movement cause? What happens if the lens is powerful? The equation P = 1 / f stands for what? For a converging lens is this positive or negative? For a diverging lens is it positive of negative? What is the average distance for good sight? 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. What is short sightedness caused by? How is it rectified? What is long sightedness caused by? How is it rectified? How do cameras form images? Is the image formed real or virtual? Is it inverted? Which part of the camera acts as the retina? 98. What is an aperture? 99. What is the difference between the eye and the camera?