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Dr. Eman ----------------------------------------Angiology-------------------------------------First stage 1 The chambers of the heart A- The right atrium: 1-it is form the right cranial part of the base of the heart, placed dorsally to right ventricle. 2- it is separated from the left atrium by septum which contain diverticulum called oval fossa at the point of the entrance of the caudal vena cava, this fossa is remanent of the opening in the septum called oval foramen, through which the two atria communicate in the fetus. Interatrial septum: the septum is a small flap that covers the foramen ovale on its left side. This flap of tissue is called the valve of the foramen ovale. It opens and closes in response to pressure gradients between the left and right atria. When the pressure is greater in the right atrium, the valve opens; when the pressure is greater in the left atrium, the valve closes. Because the lungs are nonfunctional in fetal life, pressure in the pulmonary circulation is greater than that of the systemic circulation. Consequently, the right atrium is generally under higher pressures than the left atrium, and the valve of the foramen ovale is normally open. At birth, there is a reversal in the pressure gradient between the atria, resulting in functional closure of the valve of the foramen ovale. Permanent anatomical closure of the foramen ovale occurs with time in normal infants. Inappropriate closure of the foramen ovale results in patent foramen ovale 1-the sinus venarum cavarum: into which the veins open 2-Auricle: it is end ear shaped conical pouch, also termed auricular appendix appearing on the left side cranially at the pulmonary artery. It is curved around right and cranial surface of the atrium, the atrium is lined in all walls except the auricle by glistening membrane (endocardium). In the right atrium, behind the crest the internal surface of the atrium is smooth, while in front of it the muscular fibers of the wall are raised into parallel ridges resembling the teeth of a comb, and hence named the musculi pectinati (pectinate muscles), it is ended by curved crest known as the crista terminalis of His,which is line of union between the right atrium and the right auricle is present on the interior of the atrium in the form of a vertical crest. On the external aspect of the right atrium, corresponding to the crista terminalis is the sulcus terminalis . There are five chief openings 1-The cranial (superior) vena cava: is one of the two main veins bringing deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart. Veins from the head and cranial body feed into the superior vena cava, which empties into the right atrium of the heart cranially . Dr. Eman ----------------------------------------Angiology-------------------------------------First stage 2 2-The caudal (inferior) vena cava: is one of the two main veins bringing deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart. Veins from the legs and caudal body feed into the caudal vena cava, which empties into the right atrium of the heart caudally . Inter-venous crest : project ventral and cranial from the dorsal wall of opening of the caudal vena cava. It tends to direct the flow of blood from the cranial vena cava to the right atrioventricular opening. 3-The coronary sinus is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium. It is present in humans and other animals. It's located in right atrium ventral to the caudal vena cava . It runs transversely in the groove between the left atrium and ventricle on the caudal surface of the heart. The coronary sinus orifice (opening) is just superior to the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve, and is guarded by the (Thebesian valve) which is a semicircular fold of the lining membrane of the atrium, at the orifice of the coronary sinus. The valve may vary in size, or be completely absent. It may prevent the regurgitation of blood into the sinus during the contraction of the atrium. This valve may be double or it may be cribriform. It is named for Adam Christian Thebesius 4-(Some small veins drain into any of the four chambers of the heart.) It drains into the right atrium on the posterior surface, medial to the caudal vena cava opening. 5- Right atrioventricular opening is separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. It’s guarded by Tricuspid Valve. The orifice is larger than the left atrioventricular orifice (mitral orifice) and is triangular. B-The left atrium :. 1- It receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, and pumps it into the left ventricle, through the left atrioventricular orifice, which guarded by bicuspid or mitral valve. 2-Attached to the left atrium is the left auricular appendix (auricle) extend lateral and cranial on the left side . It is consistently narrow and long. 3-In the left atrium, the musculi pectinati, fewer and smaller than that in the right auricula, unlike the right atrium, the left atrium has no crista terminalis. This is due to the embryological origin of the auricles, which are the true atria . the musculi pectinati are useful in increasing the power of contraction without increasing heart mass substantially. Dr. Eman ----------------------------------------Angiology-------------------------------------First stage 3 There are two opening in left atrium : 1-Pulmonary Vein opening The pulmonary vein is the vessel transporting oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium. (seven to eight in number in horse and five in sheep) found caudal to auricle on the right side of atrium 2- left atrioventricular orifice(mitral orifice), which contains the bicuspid or mitral valve . is situated ventral and cranially , it appear oval and smaller than the right one because the contraction of the left ventricle in the dead subject C-The right ventricle:. Consist of cranial part of the ventricular mass. It form the cranial border of the heart, 1-It receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve, and pumps it into the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve and pulmonary trunk. 2-It is triangular in form, and extends from the right atrium to near the apex of the heart . 3-The wall of the right ventricle is thinner than that of the left, the proportion between them being as 1 to 3; it is thickest at the base, and gradually becomes thinner toward the apex. The of right ventricle cavity equals in size that of the left ventricle. 4-The upper left corner of the right ventricle, is called the infundibulum or conus arteriosus, is a conical pouch at the entrance of pulmonary trunk . The wall of the infundibulum is smooth. 5-the all wall of the ventricular except in the conus arteriosus bear muscular ridge and bands termed the trabeculae carneae. Pulmonary trunk The pulmonary trunk branches into the pulmonary arterial system which transporting de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. D-The left ventricle 1-is longer and more conical in shape than the right, and on transverse section its concavity presents an oval or nearly circular outline. It form the left caudal part of ventricular mass. 2-it also forms the apex of the heart. 3-The left ventricle is thicker and more muscular than the right ventricle because it pumps blood at a higher pressure. Dr. Eman ----------------------------------------Angiology-------------------------------------First stage 4 Interventricular septum (IVS), is separating the lower chambers (the ventricles) of the heart from one another. The ventricular septum is directed obliquely backward and to the right, and is curved with the convexity toward the right ventricle: its margins correspond with the anterior and posterior longitudinal sulci. Disorders A hole in the interventricular septum is termed a ventricular septal defect (VSD). Atrioventricular septum The atrioventricular (AV) septum, located behind the right atrium and left ventricle, is divided into two portions: a superior portion (membranous) and an inferior portion (muscular). The atrioventricular (AV) node lies in the atrial septum, juxtaposed to the membranous and muscular portions of the AV septum