Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
History of navigation wikipedia , lookup
Outer space wikipedia , lookup
Early world maps wikipedia , lookup
History of cartography wikipedia , lookup
Cartography wikipedia , lookup
Map database management wikipedia , lookup
History of geography wikipedia , lookup
Cartographic propaganda wikipedia , lookup
Scale (map) wikipedia , lookup
Global Cultures Unit 1 – Chapter 1 Thinking Geographically * Basics of Geography 1.1, 1.3, + 1.4 Geography • Geography – in Greek means “writing about the Earth” – study the Earth – Geographer asks: • WHERE things are found on Earth & WHY they are located there What is a Geographer? • Geographers occupy many jobs – – – – – Teachers in secondary schools or universities Work for local, state, or national governments Environmental managers and technicians Consult with builders, architects, or politicians Knowledge is important in: • Health care, transportation, population studies, economic development, and international studies • Field-based skills • Census Data 2 Main Questions Geographers Ask: • Where? • Why? Geographers Explain WHERE & WHY • PLACE – Specific point on Earth with particular characteristics • REGION – Area of Earth distinguished by cultural & physical features • SCALE – Relationship between the portion of Earth being studied & Earth as a whole TYPES OF GEOGRAPHY Physical Geography • Earth’s natural processes and their outcomes. Human Geography • Where and why human activities are located where they are? Foundations of Geography • Cartography – the art and science of mapmaking • Map - representation, usually on a flat surface (2D), as of the features of an area of the earth 2 Main purposes for maps • Reference materials• find shortest route, avoid getting lost, learn where something is found (usually in atlas or road map) • Communications tool– depicting the distribution of human activities or physical features, as well as for thinking about reasons underlying a distribution To make a map must decide: • Map scale • Map projection Map Scale • Scale – Relationship between the portion of Earth being studied & Earth as a whole • Ratio between the distance on a map & actual distance on the earth – Large Scale – have large scale ratios and cover much smaller regions – (maps of neighborhood or local area) – Small Scale – have small scale ratios and cover much larger regions – (maps of the world or continents) – Large scale maps have LARGE OBJECTS on it (house) – Small Scale maps would not have a house on it Small Scale Map Scale Differences Maps of Washington State Which is the small scale map? Which is the large scale map? LARGE SCALE MAP 3 Types of scales: • Fraction or Ratio – shows the numerical ratio between distances on the map and Earth’s surface – 1/24,000 and 1:24,000 • Written statement – describes the relationship between map and Earth distances in words – 1 inch equals 1 mile • Graphic Bar – Bar line marked to show distance – Number on the bar line is the equivalent distance on Earth’s surface Scale Latitude and Longitude • The earth is divided into lots of lines called latitude and longitude. • The lines measure distances in degrees. (latitude & longitude lines on a grid pattern) Longitude Latitude Latitude and Longitude • Latitude – also called parallels – Lines that begin at 0º (equator) and run north and south to 90º (north/south poles) • Longitude – also called meridians – Lines that begin at 0º (Prime Meridian) and run east and west go 180º (International Date Line) Latitude and Longitude Greenwich mean time 0° longitude Grid Pattern Helps You Find . . . • Latitude & longitude lines are measured in degrees. To plot a location: 1.Latitude lines 2. Longitude lines TIME ZONE TELLING TIME • Longitude plays an important role in calculating time • Telling time using longitude 360° divided by 24 = 15° • 15° east/west will enter a new time zone – moving east turn clock ahead - moving west turn clock backward • Greenwich Mean Time = Prime Meridian at 0º • International Date Line - 180º longitude Map Projections • •Map Projection – scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map – No perfect map projection 1.5 Geographical Technologies • Geographic Information Systems (GIS) – Multiple LAYERS of spatial information – Computer system that captures, stores, analyzes, and displays geographic data – Information stored in layers • Thematic layers Geographical Technologies • Remote Sensing – Acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or other long-distance methods • Scan Earth’s surface • Images are transmitted in digital form to receiving station pixel • Global Positioning Systems (GPS) – System that determines the precise position on Earth • Use satellites, tracking stations, cell phones, & cell phone towers • Latitude/longitude for navigation Remote Sensing How do they receive the data? • Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) – Pinpoint locations on Earth – Based on where the signal is received by the satellite • Triangulation – process of determining absolute or relative locations of points by measurement of distances using the geometry of circles or spheres. – Satellites, Cell phone towers & wireless internet routers – Time it takes to get a signal from a known location X known rate of signal of speed = Distance Away from the known location that the signal was received Cell phone tower Remote Sensing GIS GPS Geographical Technology Satellite Imagery • Images captured by satellites at regular intervals – 3 types: • Infrared images • Visible images • Vapor images Harrisburg, IL 1.6 + 1.7 LOCATION –Location – position that something occupies on Earth’s surface • Distinctiveness of a particular spot • Combine many features • Think of places you want to go • Think of your favorite place as a child? • Sense of Place LOCATION – Toponym – name given to a place on Earth • Named for a person, religion, ancient history, origin of settlers, or names of picturesque landscape • Place names changed to honor people for political upheavals Lake Zurich – Cedar Lake • The meanings of regions are often contested. In Montgomery, Alabama, streets named after Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Civil Rights leader Rosa Parks intersect. Place: a unique location • Site – unique physical character of a place • Characteristics include: climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation • Lower Manhattan Island Place: a unique location • Situation – location of a place relative to other places – Helps us find an unfamiliar place and understanding its importance Region - divide into different units 1.7 • Region – An area that contains one or more characteristics • unifying social or physical characteristics – Unique combination – Cultural Landscape = built environment • combination of cultural features – – – – E = agriculture and industry S /CULTURE = language and religion P N / ENVIRONMENT = climate and vegetation Cultural Landscape Meanings 3 types of regions: • FORMAL REGION – • Region shares the same characteristic – Phenomena's: religion, economic activity, language, government, or cultural trait • EXAMPLES:_____________________________________ _Illinois + IL counties Belgium Language Regions Corn Belt FORMAL Regions - 9 regions by U.S. Census Bureau 3 types of regions: • FUNCTIONAL region – • Area around a node or focal point importance diminishes outward • Distance Decay – Increasing distance leads to diminishing importance • Examples - _________________________________ Functional & formal Regions Fig. 1-11: The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence of various television stations are examples of functional regions. 3 types of regions: • Vernacular region • Area people believe exists (part of cultural identity) – Individual’s perception or feelings • Examples - _________________________________ What is the “bad side of town?” “The South” has different boundaries World Regions 1.8 Scale is a powerful concept because: We can look at places on a local, regional, national, or global scale GLOBAL SCALE – look at something affecting the world LOCAL SCALE – look at a neighborhood within a city & its unique features Different scales influence one another MICROSCOPE and the TELESCOPE SCALE . . . World Realms Neighborhoods Regions GLOBALIZATION The spread of something worldwide TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS Major corporation that is found in many countries -- quickly spread thanks to modern technology GLOBALIZATION TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS • Decide where to produce products while examining local factors optimal locations to develop, produce, & sell goods • Level of skills, prevailing wage rates, & attitudes toward unions •Led to more specialization at the local level Where do we see Globalization? • Effects can be seen in every aspect of life – Economics – Culture Globalization of the Economy • What has influenced globalization? • Advances in communication & transportation technology – Wealthier countries want world markets for goods and take advantage of abundant, cheap labor, & policies Globalization of Culture • What has created the possibility or likelihood of a global culture? • TECHNOLOGY • Internet, fax machines, satellites, & cable TV – Enhanced communications – Unequal access to cultural elements – Uniformity of culture • Global entertainment companies shape the perceptions & dreams of ordinary citizens, wherever they live. • This spread of values, norms, & culture tends to promote Western ideals of capitalism $$$. GLOBALIZATION of culture • Culture • Cultures care about it & they take care of it. – Religious Practices – Dance – Traditions during holidays – Speaking a second language at home Foundations of Geography • People are being pulled in opposite directions by two factors – globalization and local diversity – Globalization – force or processes that involve the entire world and result in make something worldwide – Local Diversity – maintaining individual differences within a local community or culture McDonalds variety Haggis Extinction of Culture …? • As more people become aware of elements of global culture, and wish to possess such elements …PRESERVE LOCAL DIVERSITY 1) There are fewer differences and more similarities among people around the world 2) Local cultural characteristics are threatened. Geographers notice that people are being pulled in opposite directions between _______________ & ____________ ______________ People who want to keep their culture: • Increased political conflict • Intolerance toward them RESULT OF GLOBALIZATION •People have more similarities & less differences 1.9 SPACE: Distribution of Features • Space – Physical gap or interval between 2 objects • Arrangement of people & activities found in space • Try to understand why those people & activities are distributed as they are. SPACE: Distribution of Features • DISTRIBUTION – Arrangement of a feature in space • 3 Main properties of distribution: – DENSITY – CONCENTRATION – PATTERN SPACE: Distribution of Features • Density – frequency at which something occurs in space Density Density is simply the number of items or observations within a defined area It remains the same no matter how the items are distributed * Which box has the highest density? - Circle & label your answer * Which box has the lowest density? - Circle & label your answer SPACE: Distribution of Features Concentration – extent of a feature’s spread over space Dispersed Clustered (scattered) (agglomerated) Concentration * Which box best illustrates the concept of clustered? - Circle & label your answer * Which box best illustrates the concept of dispersed? - Circle & label your answer Illinois Population Density Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952 & 2007 Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density and concentration. SPACE: Distribution of Features – Pattern – geometrically how objects are organized in space • Linear, centralized, or random distribution Did you ever wonder why Midwest cities follow a grid pattern? Pattern • Geometric arrangement (and design) of objects in space •Regular pattern or irregular pattern •Linear, square, circular, rectangle, etc. The linear pattern of towns in (a) perhaps traces the route of a road, railroad, or course of a river. The central city in (b) with its nearby suburbs represents a centralized pattern, while the dots in (c) are randomly distributed. 1.10 Connections between places •Connection – relationship among people & objects across space – More rapid connections have reduced the distance between places (times) •Hearth (Node) Question: What are the HEARTHS of civilization? • place from which an innovation originates •Diffusion • process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time – Movement of any characteristic HEARTH * The source area of any innovation. The source area from which an idea, crop, artifact, or good is diffused to other areas. Diffusion • Two Types of Diffusion – Relocation Diffusion – spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another; migration diffusion – Expansion Diffusion – spread of a feature from central node / hearth to another through various means • Hierarchical Diffusion – spread of an idea from persons of authority / power to other persons or places • Contagious Diffusion – rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population • Stimulus Diffusion – spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse Relocation Diffusion • Relocation Diffusion Usually occurs with movement over longer distances – People migrate for various political, economic, and environmental reasons Expansion Diffusion •Contagious •Hierarchical •Stimulus * List one example of contagious diffusion * List one example of hierarchical diffusion * List one example of stimulus diffusion Stimulus Diffusion Because Hindus believe cows are holy, cows often roam the streets in villages and towns. The McDonalds restaurants in India feature veggie burgers. Diffusion of Walmart