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Global Cultures
Unit 1 – Chapter 1
Thinking Geographically
* Basics of Geography
1.1, 1.3, + 1.4
Geography
• Geography – in Greek means “writing about the Earth”
– study the Earth
– Geographer asks:
• WHERE things are found on Earth &
WHY they are located there
What is a Geographer?
• Geographers occupy many jobs
–
–
–
–
–
Teachers in secondary schools or universities
Work for local, state, or national governments
Environmental managers and technicians
Consult with builders, architects, or politicians
Knowledge is important in:
• Health care, transportation, population studies, economic
development, and international studies
• Field-based skills
• Census Data
2 Main Questions
Geographers Ask:
• Where?
• Why?
Geographers Explain WHERE & WHY
• PLACE
– Specific point on Earth with particular
characteristics
• REGION
– Area of Earth distinguished by cultural & physical
features
• SCALE
– Relationship between the portion of Earth being
studied & Earth as a whole
TYPES OF GEOGRAPHY
Physical Geography
• Earth’s natural processes and their outcomes.
Human Geography
• Where and why human activities are
located where they are?
Foundations of Geography
• Cartography – the art and science of
mapmaking
• Map - representation, usually on a flat surface
(2D), as of the features of an area of the earth
2 Main purposes for maps
• Reference materials• find shortest route, avoid getting lost, learn where something is found
(usually in atlas or road map)
• Communications tool– depicting the distribution of human activities or physical features, as
well as for thinking about reasons underlying a distribution
To make a map must decide:
• Map scale
• Map projection
Map Scale
• Scale
– Relationship between the portion of Earth being studied &
Earth as a whole
• Ratio between the distance on a map & actual distance on the
earth
– Large Scale
– have large scale ratios and cover much smaller regions
– (maps of neighborhood or local area)
– Small Scale
– have small scale ratios and cover much larger regions
– (maps of the world or continents)
– Large scale maps have LARGE OBJECTS on it (house)
– Small Scale maps would not have a house on it
Small
Scale
Map
Scale
Differences
Maps of
Washington
State
Which is the small
scale map?
Which is the large
scale map?
LARGE SCALE MAP
3 Types of scales:
• Fraction or Ratio – shows the numerical ratio
between distances on the map and Earth’s surface
– 1/24,000 and 1:24,000
• Written statement – describes the relationship
between map and Earth distances in words
– 1 inch equals 1 mile
• Graphic Bar – Bar line marked to show distance
– Number on the bar line is the equivalent distance
on Earth’s surface
Scale
Latitude and Longitude
• The earth is divided into lots of lines called
latitude and longitude.
• The lines measure distances in degrees.
(latitude & longitude lines on a grid pattern)
Longitude
Latitude
Latitude and Longitude
• Latitude – also called parallels
– Lines that begin at 0º (equator) and run north and south
to 90º (north/south poles)
• Longitude – also called meridians
– Lines that begin at 0º (Prime Meridian) and run east and
west go 180º (International Date Line)
Latitude and
Longitude
Greenwich
mean time
0° longitude
Grid Pattern Helps You Find . . .
• Latitude & longitude lines are measured in
degrees.
To plot a location:
1.Latitude lines
2. Longitude lines
TIME ZONE TELLING TIME
• Longitude plays an important role in calculating time
• Telling time using longitude 360° divided by 24 = 15°
• 15° east/west will enter a new time zone
– moving east turn clock ahead
- moving west turn clock backward
• Greenwich Mean Time = Prime Meridian at 0º
• International Date Line - 180º longitude
Map Projections
•
•Map Projection
– scientific method of
transferring locations on Earth’s
surface to a flat map
– No perfect map projection
1.5
Geographical Technologies
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
– Multiple LAYERS of spatial information
– Computer system that captures,
stores, analyzes, and
displays geographic data
– Information stored in layers
• Thematic layers
Geographical
Technologies
• Remote Sensing
– Acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite
orbiting Earth or other long-distance methods
• Scan Earth’s surface
• Images are transmitted in digital form to receiving station  pixel
• Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
– System that determines the precise position on Earth
• Use satellites, tracking stations, cell phones, & cell phone towers
• Latitude/longitude  for navigation
Remote Sensing
How do they receive the data?
• Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
– Pinpoint locations on Earth
– Based on where the signal is received by the satellite
•
Triangulation – process of determining absolute or relative locations of points by
measurement of distances using the geometry of circles or spheres.
– Satellites, Cell phone towers & wireless internet routers
– Time it takes to get a signal from a known location X
known rate of signal of speed =
Distance Away from the known location that the signal was received
Cell
phone
tower
Remote
Sensing
GIS
GPS
Geographical Technology
Satellite Imagery
• Images captured by
satellites at regular
intervals
– 3 types:
• Infrared images
• Visible images
• Vapor images
Harrisburg, IL
1.6 + 1.7
LOCATION
–Location – position that something
occupies on Earth’s surface
• Distinctiveness of a particular spot
• Combine many features
• Think of places you want to go
• Think of your favorite
place as a child?
• Sense of Place
LOCATION
– Toponym – name given to a place on Earth
• Named for a person, religion, ancient history, origin of
settlers, or names of picturesque landscape
• Place names changed to honor people for political
upheavals
Lake Zurich – Cedar Lake
• The meanings of regions are
often contested. In Montgomery,
Alabama, streets named after
Confederate President Jefferson
Davis and Civil Rights leader
Rosa Parks intersect.
Place: a unique location
•
Site – unique physical
character of a place
•
Characteristics include:
climate, water sources,
topography, soil,
vegetation, latitude, and
elevation
• Lower Manhattan Island
Place: a unique location
• Situation – location of a place relative to other
places
– Helps us find an unfamiliar place and understanding
its importance
Region - divide into different units
1.7
• Region
– An area that contains one or more characteristics
• unifying social or physical characteristics
– Unique combination
– Cultural Landscape = built environment
• combination of cultural features
–
–
–
–
E = agriculture and industry
S /CULTURE = language and religion
P
N / ENVIRONMENT = climate and vegetation
Cultural Landscape Meanings
3 types of regions:
• FORMAL REGION –
• Region shares the same characteristic
– Phenomena's: religion, economic activity, language,
government, or cultural trait
• EXAMPLES:_____________________________________
_Illinois + IL counties
Belgium
Language Regions
Corn Belt
FORMAL Regions
- 9 regions by U.S. Census Bureau
3 types of regions:
• FUNCTIONAL region –
• Area around a node or focal point
 importance diminishes outward
• Distance Decay – Increasing distance leads to
diminishing importance
• Examples - _________________________________
Functional & formal Regions
Fig. 1-11: The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence
of various television stations are examples of functional regions.
3 types of regions:
• Vernacular region
• Area people believe exists (part of cultural identity)
– Individual’s perception or feelings
• Examples - _________________________________
What is the “bad side of town?”
“The South” has different boundaries
World Regions
1.8
Scale is a powerful concept because:
 We can look at places on a local, regional, national,
or global scale
GLOBAL SCALE – look at something affecting the world
LOCAL SCALE – look at a neighborhood within a city & its unique features
Different scales influence one another
MICROSCOPE and the TELESCOPE
SCALE . . .
World
Realms
Neighborhoods
Regions
GLOBALIZATION
The spread of
something
worldwide
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
Major corporation that is found in many
countries
-- quickly spread thanks to modern technology
GLOBALIZATION
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
• Decide where to produce
products while examining
local factors optimal
locations to develop,
produce, & sell goods
• Level of skills, prevailing
wage rates, & attitudes
toward unions
•Led to more specialization
at the local level
Where do we see Globalization?
• Effects can be seen in every aspect of life
– Economics
– Culture
Globalization of the Economy
• What has influenced globalization?
• Advances in communication & transportation technology
– Wealthier countries want world markets for goods and take
advantage of abundant, cheap labor, & policies
Globalization of Culture
• What has created the possibility or likelihood of a
global culture?
• TECHNOLOGY
• Internet, fax machines, satellites, & cable TV
– Enhanced communications
– Unequal access to cultural elements
– Uniformity of culture
• Global entertainment companies shape the
perceptions & dreams of ordinary citizens,
wherever they live.
• This spread of values, norms, & culture tends to
promote Western ideals of capitalism $$$.
GLOBALIZATION of culture
•
Culture
• Cultures care about it & they take care of it.
– Religious Practices
– Dance
– Traditions during holidays
– Speaking a second language at home
Foundations of Geography
• People are being pulled in opposite directions by
two factors – globalization and local diversity
– Globalization – force or processes that involve the
entire world and result in make something worldwide
– Local Diversity – maintaining individual
differences within a local community or culture
McDonalds
variety
Haggis
Extinction of Culture …?
• As more people become aware of elements of global culture,
and wish to possess such elements …PRESERVE LOCAL
DIVERSITY
1) There are fewer differences and more similarities among
people around the world
2) Local cultural characteristics are threatened.
Geographers notice that people are being pulled in opposite
directions between
_______________ & ____________ ______________
People who want to keep their
culture:
• Increased political conflict
• Intolerance toward them
RESULT OF
GLOBALIZATION
•People have more similarities &
less differences
1.9
SPACE: Distribution of Features
• Space
– Physical gap or interval between 2 objects
• Arrangement of people & activities found in space
• Try to understand why those
people & activities are
distributed as they are.
SPACE: Distribution of Features
• DISTRIBUTION
– Arrangement of a feature in space
• 3 Main properties of
distribution:
– DENSITY
– CONCENTRATION
– PATTERN
SPACE: Distribution of Features
• Density
– frequency at which something occurs in space
Density
Density
is simply the number of
items or observations
within a defined area
It remains the same no
matter how the items
are distributed
* Which box has the highest
density?
- Circle & label your answer
* Which box has the lowest
density?
- Circle & label your answer
SPACE: Distribution of Features
Concentration
– extent of a feature’s spread over space
Dispersed
Clustered
(scattered)
(agglomerated)
Concentration
* Which box best illustrates
the concept of clustered?
- Circle & label your
answer
* Which box best illustrates
the concept of dispersed?
- Circle & label your
answer
Illinois Population Density
Density and Concentration of
Baseball Teams, 1952 & 2007
Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams
illustrates the differences between density and concentration.
SPACE: Distribution of Features
– Pattern
– geometrically how objects are organized in space
• Linear, centralized, or random distribution
Did you ever
wonder why
Midwest cities
follow a grid
pattern?
Pattern
• Geometric
arrangement (and design) of objects in space
•Regular pattern or irregular pattern
•Linear, square, circular, rectangle, etc.
The linear pattern of towns in (a) perhaps traces the route of a road, railroad, or
course of a river.
The central city in (b) with its nearby suburbs represents a centralized pattern,
while the dots in (c) are randomly distributed.
1.10
Connections between places
•Connection – relationship among people &
objects across space
– More rapid connections have reduced the distance between places
(times)
•Hearth (Node)
Question:
What are the HEARTHS of
civilization?
• place from which an innovation originates
•Diffusion
• process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one
place to another over time
– Movement of any characteristic
HEARTH
* The source area of any innovation. The source area from which an
idea, crop, artifact, or good is diffused to other areas.
Diffusion
• Two Types of Diffusion
– Relocation Diffusion – spread of an idea through physical
movement of people from one place to another; migration diffusion
– Expansion Diffusion – spread of a feature from central node
/ hearth to another through various means
• Hierarchical Diffusion – spread of an idea from persons
of authority / power to other persons or places
• Contagious Diffusion – rapid, widespread diffusion of a
characteristic throughout the population
• Stimulus Diffusion – spread of an underlying principle,
even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse
Relocation Diffusion
• Relocation Diffusion  Usually occurs with
movement over longer distances
– People migrate for various political, economic, and
environmental reasons
Expansion Diffusion
•Contagious
•Hierarchical
•Stimulus
* List one example of contagious diffusion
* List one example of hierarchical diffusion
* List one example of stimulus diffusion
Stimulus
Diffusion
Because Hindus believe cows are
holy, cows often roam the streets in
villages and towns. The McDonalds
restaurants in India feature veggie
burgers.
Diffusion of Walmart