Download Glossary for grammar and punctuation

Much Birch Church of England V.C. Primary School
‘Helping Young Minds Grow’
Grammar and Punctuation
Glossary Document
Our mission: Much Birch will be a loving school where children and staff are safe and respected, motivated to learn
by an inspirational curriculum, where standards and expectations are high, the partnership with each other, parents
and the wider community is strong.
Christian Values guide policy and are implicit in every aspect of the school's life, from class time to playtime to
home time.
National Curriculum 2014
Year Group
Reception
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Year 6
Grapheme, phoneme
Word
Sentence
Finger space
Letter, capital letter
Word, plural, singular
Sentence
Punctuation, full stop, question mark, exclamation mark
Noun, noun phrase
Statement, question, exclamation, command
Compound, suffix
Adjective, adverb, verb
Tense (past, present)
Apostrophe, comma
Preposition, conjunction
Word family, prefix
Clause, subordinate clause
Direct speech
Consonant, consonant letter vowel, vowel letter
Inverted commas (or speech marks)
Determiner
Pronoun, possessive pronoun
Adverbial
Modal verb, relative pronoun
Relative clause
Parenthesis, bracket, dash
Cohesion, ambiguity
Subject, object
Active, passive
Synonym, antonym
Ellipses, hyphen, colon, semi-colon, bullet points
Active Voice
When the subject of the sentence is doing something the verb is active.
e.g. the police caught the thief
Adjective
A word that describes a noun.
e.g. the cat is very happy
Adverb
A word that describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb
e.g. the cat is extremely small / the cat moved stealthily
Adverbial Phrase
A group of words that functions in the same way as a single adverb.
e.g. she looked at me in a strange way.
Ambiguity
Ambiguity means to have more than one meaning – e.g. "I know a man with a dog who has fleas" it is unclear - ambiguous - whether
it is the man or the dog who has fleas. It is the syntax not the meaning of the words which is unclear.
Antonym
A word opposite in meaning to another, e.g. hot/cold, fast/slow
Apostrophe
A punctuation mark used to indicate either omitted letters or possession.
Bracket
Brackets are used to enclose an aside or to add information or ideas which are not essential. You should be able to remove the
brackets and their contents and be left with a sentence which makes sense e.g. The shoes (made of patent leather) were all scuffed
and dirty.
Clause
A clause is a building block for sentences. It helps to develop and expand the sentence as necessary. A clause can be a sentence in its
own right (main clause), but can also be just a part of the sentence.
Cohesion
Cohesion is the term used to describe the grammatical means by which sentences and paragraphs are linked and relationships
between them established. In English, the principal means of establishing cohesion are through the use of pronouns, determiners and
conjunctions.
Colon
The colon has two main uses.
1) To introduce an idea that is an explanation or continuation of the one that comes before the colon, e.g. Africa is facing a
terrifying problem: perpetual drought. The colon can be considered as a gateway inviting the reader to go on.
2) The second main use of the colon is to introduce a list. You need to take care; many people assume that a colon always
precedes a list. This is not the case. Again it is important to remember that the clause that precedes the colon must make
complete sense on its own.
E.g. The potion contained some exotic ingredients: snails' eyes, bats' tongues and garlic.
Comma
A comma is a punctuation mark used to separate parts of a sentence,
 It is used to separate words in a list. E.g. I need to buy cheese, eggs, crackers and butter.
 To separate the clauses of a sentence.
Conditional tense
What could/would happen
Conjunction
A word that connects together words, phrases, clauses or sentences.
Connective
Is a word that links clauses or sentences. They can be conjunctions (e.g. but, when, because) or connecting adverbs (e.g. however,
then, therefore)
Consonant
The letters: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z
Dash
The single dash is normally a feature of informal English and is used, especially in narrative, to create suspense or to indicate that
what follows is an afterthought or something to be emphasised.
e.g. There is was again, that creak on the staircase. Pamela sat upright in bed, eyes wide open in the darkness. Just Marmalade her
cat, she
thought – or was it?
Definite article
The
Indefinite article
A or an
Demonstrative Adjective
This, that, these, those
Determiner
A determiner is used to modify a noun. It indicates reference to something specific or something of a particular type. There are
different types of determiners: articles (a, an, the), demonstratives (this, that, these and those), possessives (my, your, his, her,
its, our, your, their, mine, his, hers, yours, ours) and quantifiers (some, any, few, little, more, much, many, each, every, both, all,
enough, half, little, whole, less etc).
Direct Speech
Direct speech is where the exact words spoken are put into inverted commas (speech marks).
Jim said, “I am thirsty!”
Ellipses
An ellipsis (plural: ellipses) is a punctuation mark consisting of three dots. Ellipses can express hesitation, changes of mood,
suspense, or thoughts trailing off. Writers also use ellipses to indicate a pause.
Fronted Adverbial
A fronted adverbial goes at the beginning of a sentence. It describes the verb in the sentence. It describes where, when or how. E.g As
soon as he could, Tom jumped off the train.
Future tense
What will happen in the future
Hyphen
Hyphens are used to make new words out of two existing words or parts of words.
It’s worth noting that, nowadays, the hyphens in many words are just missed out. Head-ache is now headache, and city-centre is now
city centre.
Infinitive
The basic form of the verb, as it is found in the dictionary (nothing has been added or taken away).
E.g. to drink / to sleep
Imperative verb
A bossy verb, used in instructions/directions
E.g. Take that road.
Indirect Speech or Reported Speech
What was said is reported, the exact words of the speaker are not used. The verb tenses and pronouns are usually changed and
speech marks are not used..
E.g. I asked, “What do you want?” would be reported as I asked them what they wanted .
Inverted commas
Inverted commas can be single - ‘x’ - or double - ‘’x‘’.
They are also known as quotation marks, speech marks, or quote marks.
Irregular verb
Verbs that don’t follow a set pattern of rules.
e.g. take becomes took rather than ‘taked’
Main clause
A sentence that functions independently
e.g. I’ll feed the dog.
Modal verb
Modal verbs are used to express ideas such as possibility, intention, obligation and necessity.
Can, could, will, would, shall, should, ought to, dare and need are some examples.
Noun
A naming word (person, place or thing)
e.g. giraffe / telephone
Object
The subject of a sentence‫ ‏‏‬does something to an object. The object is the thing or person which is affected by the subject and the
verb‫‏‏‬. E.g. Patricia ate the cake.
The subject of this sentence is Patricia. She is the 'star actor'. The verb is ate and this tells us what she does. The object of the
sentence is the cake.
Parenthesis
Parenthesis is the addition of extra information to an already formed sentence. A parenthesis can be separated from the sentence with
dashes, commas or brackets, and these are known as parentheses.
When the parenthesis is removed from the sentence, it should still be grammatically correct. So, to make sure that you have included
a parenthesis correctly, reread the sentence to see if it makes sense without it. If it does, then you have successfully added a
parenthesis.
Passive Voice
When the object of the sentence is having something done to it, the verb is passive.
e.g. the thief was caught by the police
Past tense
Says what happened in the past.
Plural
More than one thing.
Pronoun
Pronouns are short words like 'it', 'she', 'he', 'you', 'we', 'they', 'us', 'them'. They are used instead of names.
Personal pronoun
Refers to people
e.g. I / you / he / she / we / you / they.
Possessive adjective
Indicates possession
e.g. mine / yours / his.
Possessive pronoun
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership.
Prefix
Prefixes are groups of letters that can be placed before a word to modify its meaning.
e.g: impossible (the prefix im- modifies the meaning to produce a negative sense)
Preposition
A word that gives information, such as time, location or direction
E.g on, at, between
Present tense
What is happening now
Pronoun
A word that replaces a noun
e.g he / she / it
Proper Noun
The names of people, places, organisations etc. They normally begin with a capital letter. November, Sally, London.
Reflexive pronoun
Myself / yourself / himself
Relative clause
An important type of subordinate clause is the relative clause. Here are some examples:
The man [who lives beside us] is ill
The video [which you recommended] was terrific
Relative clauses are generally introduced by a relative pronoun, such as who, or which.
Relative pronoun
Relative pronouns, such as that, who, which, whose and whom can be used to introduce clauses in sentences:
The woman who interviewed me was very friendly.
I can't stand dogs that bark loudly.
Root Words
Words that stand alone to which suffixes and prefixes are added. Help is the root word for other words in its word family such as
helpful and helpless.
Semi-colon
The semicolon (;) has only one major use. It is used to join two complete sentences into a single written sentence when all of the
following conditions are met:
(1) The two sentences are felt to be too closely related to be separated by a full stop;
(2) There is no connecting word which would require a comma, such as and or but;
(3) The special conditions requiring a colon are absent.
Singular
One thing
Subject
The person doing the action
E.g. the monkey eats banana
Subordinate clause
A part of the sentence that is dependent upon another part
E.g. I’ll feed the dog [main clause] when he barks [subordinate clause]!
Suffix
A suffix is an ending added to one word to turn it into another word. They cannot stand as a word on their own.
E.g. help+ed =helped
Synonym
Synonyms are words with the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in the language. E.g. pupil and student.
Verb
A word that expresses an action. It is often referred to as a doing word. Sometimes two or more words make up a verb phrase
e.g. has been waiting.
Vowel
The letters: a, e, i, o, u
Word family
Groups of words that follow the same spelling pattern or root word.