Download Chapter 17 Section Four

Chapter 17 Section Four
The Reformation Continues
John Calvin
 Was born in France
 Had as much influence on Protestants as Luther
did
 1539 Published Institutes of Christian Religion
which expressed Calvin’s ideas about God,
salvation, and human nature.
 Taught that men and women are sinful by nature.
 Taught that God chooses very few people to save.
 The saved are called the elect.
 Believed in predestination- that god has known
since the beginning of time who would be saved
Calvin in Geneva
 Calvin believed that the ideal govt. was theocracy
-govt. controlled by religious leaders.
 1542 Protestants in Geneva Switzerland asked
Calvin to lead their city.
 Geneva had been a self-governing city of about
20,000 people.
 Calvin ran the city according to strict rules.
  Everyone attended religion classes
  No one wore bright clothing or played card
games
Calvinism in Geneva
 If you broke the rules you could be
imprisoned,excommunicated or banished.
 Anyone who preached a different doctrine
would be burned at the stake.
 Many Protestants believed that Calvin’s
Geneva was a model city of highly moral
citizens
John Knox in Scotland
 Preacher from Scotland named John Knox visited
Calvin’s Geneva.
 He returned to Scotland and put Calvin’s ideas to
work in Scottish towns.
 Each community church was governed by a small
group if laymen called elders or presbyters.
 Followers of Knox were called Presbyterians
 1560’s Protestant nobles led by Knox were
successful in making Calvinism the official
religion of Scotland.
 Also deposed the Catholic Queen in favor of her
infant son
Spread of Calvinism
 Swiss, Dutch, and French reformers also
adopted Calvinism.
 Many protestant churches today trace their
roots to Calvin although they have softened
his teachings a bit.
Huguenots in France
 Calvin’s followers in France were called
Huguenots
 Hatred between the Huguenots and Catholics in
France often led to violence
 Aug. 24, 1572- Paris- the Catholic Feast of St.
Bartholomew's Day - at dawn Catholic mobs
began hunting Protestants and murdering them.
 The massacres spread to other French cities and
lasted 6 months
 Up to 12,000 Huguenots were killed.
The Anabaptists
 As Christians began to read and interpret the bible
for themselves new Protestant groups formed
over differences in beliefs.
 Anabaptists- Group who baptized only those
persons who were old enough to decide for
themselves to be Christian.
 Believed that people who had been baptized as
children should be baptized again as adults.
 Believed that church and state should be separate
and refused to fight in wars.
 Shared their possessions
More on the Anabaptists
 Both Catholics and other Protestants
persecuted the Anabaptists
 They survived and became the forerunners
of the Mennonites and Amish churches
 Their teachings influenced later groups like
Quakers and Baptists who split from the
Anglican Church.
Women of the Reformation
 Marguerite of Navarre (sister of Francis I king of
France) protected John Calvin from being
executed for his beliefs while he lived in France.
 Katherine Zell -wife of reformer Matthew Zell of
Switzerland spent lots of time visiting people in
need (plague victims, prisoners, etc)
  Katherine Zell scolded a minister for speaking
unkindly about others and when he told her she
was disturbing the peace she let him have it. Pg.
435
Katherine von Bora (Luther)
 Katherina von Bora- (Luther’s wife) was placed in
a convent when she was 10 and took the vows of
a nun when she was 16
 She was inspired by Luther’s teachings and
escaped the convent.
 She married Luther and had six children with him
 She managed the family finances, maintained the
home, and supported Luther’s work
 She argued with Luther about a woman’s equal
role in a marriage.
Ignatius of Loyola
  The Catholic reformation was intended to help
Catholics who had remained loyal to the Catholic
Church.
 One great reformer was Ignatius of Loyola
 He grew up in his father’s castle.
 Had a turning point in his life when he was injured
fighting in a war in 1521.
 He thought about his past and the life of Jesus and
believed that daily devotions cleansed his soul.
 1522- wrote a book called Spiritual Exercises that
laid out a day by day plan of prayer, meditation,
and study.
Founding of the Jesuits
 Ignatius gathered followers for 18 years.
 In 1540 the Pope made the followers of
Ignatius a religious order called the Society
of Jesus commonly called the Jesuits
 The Jesuits concentrated on three activities
 
 
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Founded and ran excellent schools
Converted non-Christians by sending out
missionaries
Stop the spread of Protestants
Reforming Popes
 Two Popes of the 1500’s took the lead in
reforming the church
 Pope Paul III- (1534-1549) Took four steps
toward reform
  Directed a Council of Cardinals to investigate
indulgence selling and other abuses within the
Church
  Approved the Jesuit order
  Used the Inquisition to seek out and punish
heresy in Papal territories
  Called the Council of Trent
The Council of Trent
 At the Council of Trent Catholic bishops
and Cardinals agreed on several church
doctrines
 
 
 
 
The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was
final. Any Christian who substituted his or her
own interpretation was a heretic
Christians need both faith and good works to
achieve salvation
The Bible and Church traditions were equally
powerful authorities for Christians to guide
their Christian life
Indulgences were valid expressions of faith.
Pope Paul IV
  Carried out the decrees of the Council of Trent
 1559 - had officials draw up a list of books
considered dangerous to the Catholic Faith called
The Index Of Forbidden Books.
 Catholic Bishops were ordered to gather up books
from the list and burn them in bonfires
 In Venice 10,000 books were burned in one day.
Reformation …modern world
 The Reformation set the stage for the
modern world.
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Protestant churches thrived despite religious
wars and persecution
Religion no longer united Europe
Individual monarchs and states grew in power
in the absence of Church influence
Groundwork was laid for a rejection of
Christian beliefs that would occur in Western
Culture in later centuries.