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Science Midterm Review
**worth 50 points!!- Due when you take your midterm!!!
SCIENTIFIC REASONING
1. What is physical science? The study of all the matter in the world, energy, interactions, and motion.
2. Name the 7 steps of the scientific method.
a. State the question or problem.
b. Gather information
c. Make a hypothesis
d. Conduct your experiment.
e. Collect data
f. Analyze your results
g. State your conclusion
3. Name the base unit and most appropriate tool to measure each of the following:
Measurement
Length
Mass
Volume of a solid
Volume of a liquid
Base unit- METRIC UNITS!!
Meters
Grams
Cubic centimeters (cm3)
Liters/ milliliters
Tool used to measure
Meterstick
Triple beam balance
Ruler
Graduated cylinder
4. What is the difference between mass and weight? Mass is a measure of matter in an object and does not
change with location of an object. Weight is a measure of the force of gravity and will change with your
location. For example, if you were to travel to the moon you would have the same mass as on Earth, but you
would weigh less.
Read the following experimental scenario and identify the variables below.
Mary investigated the effect of different ages of compost on the growth of tomato plants. Mary hypothesized that
plants grown in a soil mixture with 50% aged compost would show better growth. She grew 4 flats of tomato plants,
each with 10 plants per flat as follows:




Flat A: 100% potting soil
Flat B: 50% mixture of 2 month old compost and potting soil
Flat C: 50 % mixture of 4 month old compost and potting soil
Flat D: 50 % mixture of 6 month old compost and potting soil
The plants received the same amount of sunlight and water each day. At the end of 30 days, Mary recorded the height
of the plants (in cm), the general health of the plants (healthy or unhealthy), and the quality of the leaves using a four
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point scale as follows: 4= green, firm, no curled edges; 3= yellow-green, firm, no curled edges; 2= yellow, limp, curled
edges; 1= Brown, limp, curled leaf.
5. What is the independent variable? The age of compost mixed with the potting soil
6. What is the dependent variable? Height and general health of the plants
7. What are 2 constants in the experiment? Growing same amount of each type of plant, same amt. of light and
water each day.
8. What was the control group? Flat A with no compost
9. When graphing this data, what would go on the X-axis? The age of the compost mixed with the potting soil.
10. Why? Because it is the independent variable
11. What type of data is best represented by a
a. Pie graph – When showing parts of a whole or percentages
b. Bar graph – Comparing different sets of data
c. Line graph- Looking at trends over TIME
MATTER
12. Describe a solid – Matter with a fixed shape and volume. Atoms vibrate in place.
13. Describe a liquid- Matter with a fixed volume, but not shape. Atoms have overcome some attraction for each
other and are able to slide past each other to take the shape of their container.
14. Describe a gas- No fixed volume or shape. High energy, particles bounce off each other and the walls of the
container.
15. Compare the energy levels of solids, liquids, and gases. Solids have the least energy and vibrate in place, liquids
move a little faster and overcome enough attraction to be able to slide past each other. Gases have the most
energy of the three, having so much energy they break free of each other and move independently.
16. Every change in state requires adding or taking away energy.
17. What change in state is a
a. liquid changing to a solid- freezing
b. Solid changing to a liquid- melting
c. Gas to a liquid condensation
d. Liquid to a gas vaporization
e. Solid to a gas sublimation
18. What is the formula for density? m/v or mass divided by volume
19. State the Kinetic Molecular Theory. The higher the temperature of a substance, the more kinetic energy the
particles have.
20. State the Law of Conservation of Mass. Matter cannot be created or destroyed, atoms are only rearranged.
21. The higher the number of particles in a container, the higher the pressure on the container.
22. Fill in the table on atoms
Subatomic Particle
Charge
Mass in amu
Where is it found
Proton
+1
1 amu
Inside the nucleus
Neutron
0
1 amu
Inside the nucleus
Electron
-1
0
Electron cloud- racing around the nucleus
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23. Label the element on the periodic table with the appropriate term.
Atomic number (# of protons or electrons)
Symbol
Name
Atomic Mass (protons + neutrons)
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
The atomic number of an element is the number of protons OR electrons.
The atomic mass is the number of protons AND neutrons.
A stable atom has equal numbers of protons AND electrons.
The modern Periodic Table is arranged how? By increasing atomic number (number of protons)
What are isotopes? Atoms with a different number of neutrons than listed on the periodic table. Too many
neutrons can cause the atom to be radioactive.
29. What are ions? A charged particle. The atom/ molecule has a different number of protons than electrons.
30. Compare elements, compounds, and mixtures.
Elements
Compounds
Mixtures
Elements are :
Compounds are:
Mixtures are:
 The simplest form of a
 2 or more elements that
 2 or more substances
substance and cannot be
are chemically bonded
physically combined
broken down
together
 Not represented by a
 Found listed on the periodic
 Represented with a
symbol or formula
table of elements
chemical formula
 Generally easy to separate
 represented with a symbol
ENERGY
31. What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? Kinetic energy is energy of motion, something is
always moving. Potential energy is energy that is stored.
32. State the Law of Conservation of Energy. Energy is never created or destroyed, just changes forms.
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33. Give the name of or an example of each form of energy.
Potential Energy
Example
Elastic
Stretched rubber band, a spring pushed together
Nuclear
Nuclear bomb, nuclear fusion and fission
Gravitational
Anything lifted up off the ground
Chemical
Food, wood, gasoline, coal
Kinetic Energy
Radiant
Sound
Motion
Thermal
Electricity
Example
Gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves,
and radio waves
Talking, noises, the sound a tree makes when it falls in the forest
Wind, water going over a dam, person kicking a ball
Heat from a fire, heat from friction, your body temperature
Electrons flowing from atom to atom to make a light bulb light up
34. Describe each law of thermodynamics.
Law
Description
The total amount of energy in a system always remains constant.
Law of Conservation
of Energy
Law of Entropy
The amount of entropy (disorder) in the universe is always increasing. In every
energy transformation, some energy is always “lost” as heat. It’s not actually lost,
it has just lost its usefulness.
Absolute Zero
The lower the temperature of an object/ substance is, the lower the particle
motion. At 0˚Kelvin (aka absolute zero), all particle motion would stop.
35. Waves carry energy.
36. Waves are caused by vibrations.
37. Label the following parts of the transverse wave- wavelength, crest, trough, amplitude.
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MOTION & FORCES
38. Define the following and give the formula.
Term
Definition
Speed
How fast an object is moving
Velocity
Acceleration
Momentum
Force
Formula
Units
S=d/t
m/s
Speed + distance with direction
V=d/t direction
m/s direction
The rate at which an object is speeding up
or slowing down.
The product of an objects mass times its
volume
A=vf-vi/Δt
m/s/s or m/s2
P=m*v
Kg*m/s
The measure of a push or a pull
F=ma
Newtons
39. What is the speed of an object at rest? Zero m/s
40. TOTAL energy = kinetic energy + potential energy
41. All objects, regardless of size or weight (disregarding air resistance) fall towards earth at the same time because
the Earth pulls all objects down at the same rate of acceleration (9.8 m/s/s or 9.8 m/s2)
42. What objects have gravity? ALL objects that have mass have gravity.
43. State each of Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion and give a real life example of each.
Law
State the Law
Real Life Example
st
An
object
at
rest
will
stay
at
rest
and
an
When a car slows down, the passengers want
Newton’s 1
object in motion will continue in motion in to continue in a straight line, which causes
Law
a straight line at a constant speed unless
them to lean forward.
acted on by an unbalanced force.
Newton’s 2nd
Law
The force an object has is a result of its
mass and its acceleration.
A massive object that is accelerating will have
more force than that of a a less massive
object.
Newton’s 3rd
Law
For every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
When you put an oar in the water to row a
boat forward, you push back on the water with
the same amount of force that you want to
move forward.
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