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Transcript
French Revolution was the change from stamental society to capitalism. And Bourgeoisie was conscious of the importance of this power, so aristocracy and absolute Kingdom were shifted from the power by them. Introduction: The first revolutions took place for the first time in America, there some colonizers didn´t want to pay for a tax which had been fixed by the London Parliament… the result was the beginning of a war which concluded with the instauration of the democracy system and the independence of U.S.A. That war was used as a font of inspiration by many European countries such as France. French Revolution involved the end of Modern Age and the beginning of Contemporary Age. Oposition to the old regime Old regime was in effect until the beginning of the revolution, many people was very benefited by this regime, but many other people was living as slaves and they wanted to change their way of live… The political organization in France was the monarchy. The king ordered, and his volition was god´ s volition. He ordered to the army, and he made the laws himself too. The majority of the people was frightened because the lived threatened by the royal police… Social life We could recognise three different classes with three different ways of live: 1. Clergy which had a lot of privileges and properties… and they had not to pay for taxation… they were duty-free. 2. Nobleness was the second of the classes, they had a lot of privileges too. They had a lot of lands. Peasants worked on his possessions. 3. In the third class had place the peasants who worked on the lands, and bourgeoise. They had not any kind of privileges and they had to pay for many taxes. Causes of the revolution French Revolution ( 1789-1799) was a period of 10 years, during tis time Europe was adapting to new kinds of political organization and new ways of thinking. The occasional causes of the revolution were the bad economical situation and the bad Kingdom. In 1788 the situation got worse and Necker suggested to Luis XVI to make an assembly formed by representatives from the different classes (Clergy, nobleness and peasants…). They rejoined the 5th May of 1789 in Versalles. Although all of them agree about the change of the political situation of the country, the differences between the classes made impossible the unity of the different actions of the General States. The principal objective was to reach the individual vote, so the third state could control the General States because it was the class with the majority of members. Luis XVI didn´t agreed and soon the assembly accorded that they will not dissolve until Luis XVI made a Constitution for France.After that many people who disagreed with this constitution. The king spoke face to face with the members of the National Assembly and he disagreed with them, and the members of the National Assembly get angry with Luis XVI. And started the offensive… Then Luis XVI ordered to some foreign army to put in order Paris with the use of the strength… People reacted very bad and they took the control of Bastilla the 4th of july. Then Luis XVI ordered to some foreign army to put in order Paris by using the strength. People reacted very bad and they took the control of Bastilla the 4th of July. Bourgeoisie made a temporal government which was named as “National Guard”. And many other temporal government were created in all the country until Luis XIV retired the foreign army because of the impossibility of taking control of the situation. A lot of castles were destroyed by peasants and this supposed and feudal regime was abolished. Later the members of the National Assembly started with the creation of a new Constitution based on Liberty, equality and fraternity. By the time many people was hungry and reclained for food and solutions. A few days later Luis XIV´s royal palace by some people who lived in Paris and the king had to be scorted. After 2 years, in 1791 Constitution had just been created and the King accepted it and promised them to fulfill it too. This new kind of government was compound by the Legislative Assembly formed by a total of 745 members. This new kind of government was compound by the Legislative Assembly formed by a total of 745 members. Unfortunately this new kind of government only lasted one year, because of the instability of the country and wars in Europe, which caused a second revolution in August in 1792 and created the first republic. The fight for freedom The popular´s revolution on August had a lot of bad cosequences: A new group of government was formed in Paris named as National Convention. This new convention was elected by universal suffrage.The first difficult decision was to aboil the power of the king and It was on the 21st of September that the Republic was proclaimed. The National Convention then voted to execute Louis XVI as a show of contempt to the monarchy. This outraged the monarchs of Europe as they set about forming a coalition against France. Meanwhile the Jacobins had succeeded in eliminating their main opposition, the Girondins in the Convention. This came about after the general Dumouriez, a Girondin, defected to Austria. The Jacobins labelled all Girondins as traitors and the National Guard arrested them. The Jacobins then formed the Committee of Public Safety, which was dominated by the convention. In this committee there was Robespierre, Danton, Marat and Carnot. The main external pressures came from the new coalition formed by the European Monarchs. This included Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, Russia, Sardinia, Tuscany, the Netherlands Republic and the states of the Holy Roman Empire. Lazare Carnot, an organizational genius, organized the conscripted armies of France. They drove back this threat of the enemy. Any General who lost a battle was executed, as it was thought they were a traitor to the Republic. Within France the Committee dispatched the army to crush the royalist uprisings and instituted the Reign of Terror. The Reign of Terror With the committe of Public Safety a revolutionary tribunal was created. This revolutionary tribunal killed a lot of revolutionaries with the use of guillotine. Most of killes people were from aristocracy classes. The guillotine was for them the scythe of equality. There was the introduction of the ‘Law of Suspects’. This Law allowed of the arrest of those that were believed to have opposed the revolution. The Jacobin dominated Committee. This allowed for greater popularity. When Danton believed that the external and internal threats had been dealt with he called for an end to the terror. Robespierre had him and his closest followers executed. They also acused to Robespierre of being a terrorist and he was executed on July 28th 1794. With the passing of military danger the Jacobins were outvoted in the Convention. The Jacobins were then outlawed, and the "Terror" officially ended. The Committee of Public Safety made some importants reforms. They established the metric system of weights and measures and established too culture centres such as libraries and art galleries. The Convention then abolished the Committee of Public Safety. The Convention then formed the Constitution of Year III of the Revolutionary Calendar. It consisted on a Parliament. When this constitution was formed there was many people protesting for that but these protesters were stopped by Napoleon. Napoleon was becoming more and more important. Some months later Napoleon joined to take control and then started the Consulate Gobernment The first task of Napoleon was to rid the threat if the Second Coalition. For this he marched his own armies against them, he finally won and in that way he could stablished the Peace of Amiens. Then Napoleon worked on reorganizing France and closing finally the Revolution. The changes the he made were carried on. These included the abolition of the feudal system and the old class order. It also kept and guaranteed the land settlements of the Revolution and gained for Napoleon the support of the peasantry and the clergy. But in the other way Personal Liberty disappeared; an his politic was based on a Nationalism leadership. ‘I sealed the gulf of anarchy and unraveled chaos. I purified the Revolution and strengthened the monarchy’. The French Empire (1804 – 1815) Napoleon started enlarging ports and docks and the British took this as an offence and disregarded the Peace of Amiens. In 1805 Britain formed the third coalition containing Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria. The British naval commander Lord Nelson destroyed his fleets in the ports of Spain and France. This ruined any chance of Napoleon of invading Britain, (it was what he pretended). In 1807 Russian and France became Allies. Napoleon improved his infrastructure to make campaigns more efficient. Napoleon then failed in his campaign s in Portugal and Spain and Austria and Russia joined forces and defeated Napoleon at Leipzig. On April 14th 1814 Napoleon abdicated and was banished to the Island of Elba. Ten months later he returned but was defeated by British Prussian forces on the 18th of June at Waterloo. With the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo, there was a return of the Bourbons to the throne with Louis XVIII. All of Napoleons conquests were lost by France and divided. Economically the wars had crushed France and left industry and commerce in ruins. Politically the coalition who had defeated France demanded a return to the old rulers and structure within France. And in 1870 France became a Republic In its first victory the Revolution put end to absolutism in France. This was understood to mean limiting the powers of Government through a constitution and secondly electing an assembly and parliaments. Universal Suffrage was started and then abandoned quickly. Political Liberties won by the revolution led to a constitutional parliament but not a democracy. The Revolution had provided one democratic election (National Assembly, and not for women) and this would be remembered throughout French History. The Revolution also ended with the privileges and the class system. Everybody came under the same law and taxation. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.monografias.com/trabajos/revofrancesa/revofrancesa.shtml http://www.iespana.es/jocana59/sufragismo/revfran.htm http://www.historiasiglo20.org/enlaces/revfrancesa.htm http://www.fuenterrebollo.com/FernandoVII/directorio.html